世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein Penguin Books, 2009, 312 pp, ISBN 978-0-14-311526-7This book is best described formally as a general explanation of and advocacy for libertarian paternalism, a term coined by the authors in earlier publications. Informally, it is about how leaders, systems, organizations, and governments can nudge people to do the things the nudgers want and need done for the betterment of the nudgees, or of society. It is paternalism in the sense that "it is legitimate for choice architects to try to influence people's behavior in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better", (p. 5) It is libertarian in that "people should be free to do what they like - and to opt out of undesirable arrangements if they want to do so", (p. 5) The built-in possibility of opting out or making a different choice preserves freedom of choice even though people's behavior has been influenced by the nature of the presentation of the information or by the structure of the decisionmaking system. I had never heard of libertarian paternalism before reading this book, and I now find it fascinating.Written for a general audience, this book contains mostly social and behavioral science theory and models, but there is considerable discussion of structure and process that has roots in mathematical and quantitative modeling. One of the main applications of this social system is economic choice in investing, selecting and purchasing products and services, systems of taxes, banking (mortgages, borrowing, savings), and retirement systems. Other quantitative social choice systems discussed include environmental effects, health care plans, gambling, and organ donations. Softer issues that are also subject to a nudge-based approach are marriage, education, eating, drinking, smoking, influence, spread of information, and politics. There is something in this book for everyone.The basis for this libertarian paternalism concept is in the social theory called "science of choice", the study of the design and implementation of influence systems on various kinds of people. The terms Econs and Humans, are used to refer to people with either considerable or little rational decision-making talent, respectively. The various libertarian paternalism concepts and systems presented are tested and compared in light of these two types of people. Two foundational issues that this book has in common with another book, Network of Echoes: Imitation, Innovation and Invisible Leaders, that was also reviewed for this issue of the Journal are that 1 ) there are two modes of thinking (or components of the brain) - an automatic (intuitive) process and a reflective (rational) process and 2) the need for conformity and the desire for imitation are powerful forces in human behavior. …

Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness

Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries

This glossary presents a comprehensive list of indicators of socioeconomic position used in health research. A description of what they intend to measure is given together with how data are elicited and the advantages and limitation of the indicators. The glossary is divided into two parts for journal publication but the intention is that it should be used as one piece. The second part highlights a life course approach and will be published in the next issue of the journal.

https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/60/1/7.full.pdf

Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1)

This paper proposes a new methodology for multidimensional poverty measurement consisting of an identification method ρk that extends the traditional intersection and union approaches, and a class of poverty measures Mα. Our identification step employs two forms of cutoff: one within each dimension to determine whether a person is deprived in that dimension, and a second across dimensions that identifies the poor by ‘counting’ the dimensions in which a person is deprived. The aggregation step employs the FGT measures, appropriately adjusted to account for multidimensionality. The axioms are presented as joint restrictions on identification and the measures, and the methodology satisfies a range of desirable properties including decomposability. The identification method is particularly well suited for use with ordinal data, as is the first of our measures, the adjusted headcount ratio. We present some dominance results and an interpretation of the adjusted headcount ratio as a measure of unfreedom. Examples from the US and Indonesia illustrate our methodology.

Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurement

This report presents the initial findings from the most comprehensive survey of poverty and social exclusion ever undertaken in Britain. The study was undertaken by researchers at four universities and the fieldwork was conducted during 1999 by the Office for National Statistics. The main part of the fieldwork, conducted during September/October 1999, was a follow-up survey of a sub-sample of respondents to the 1998/99 General Household Survey. It is particularly important at this time to create a base line understanding of the nature of poverty and social exclusion. On any measure, poverty at the turn of the new millennium remains one of the greatest social problems challenging Britain, and reducing social exclusion is at the heart of Government policy.

/pdf/poverty-and-social-exclusion-in-britain-171mt2du3v.pdf

Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain

The purpose of this project was to review existing sources on multi-dimensional disadvantage or severe forms of social exclusion characterised as ‘deep exclusion’; to recommend possibilities for secondary analysis of existing data sets to explore the dynamics of ‘deep exclusion’; to identify any relevant gaps in the knowledge base; and to recommend research strategies for filling such gaps.

/pdf/the-multi-dimensional-analysis-of-social-exclusion-1t3hyjt5e0.pdf

The Multi-dimensional Analysis of Social Exclusion

The war on terror' has emerged as the principal conflict of our time, where Islamic fanaticism' is identified as the greatest threat to Western liberal democracies. Within the United Kingdom, and beyond, this political discourse has designated Muslims as the new enemy within'--justifying the introduction of counter-terrorist legislation and facilitating the construction of Muslims as a suspect community'. In this paper, we develop Hillyard's (1993) notion of the suspect community' and evidence how Muslims have replaced the Irish as the main focus of the government's security agenda whilst also recognizing that some groups have been specifically targeted for state surveillance. We conclude that the categorization of Muslims as suspect may be serving to undermine national security rather than enhance it.

From the 'Old' to the 'New' Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation

This short report presents the first ever scientific measurement of the extent and depth of child poverty in all the developing regions of the world. It represents a summary of a much larger research report on child poverty and child rights funded by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (Gordon et al 2001 2003). Full details of this research will be published in a future book on this subject. (excerpt)

/pdf/child-poverty-in-the-developing-world-5ecuodls1m.pdf

Child Poverty in the Developing World

Introduction Dave Gordon, Ruth Levitas and Christina Pantazis Section One: Principles: The concept and measurement of poverty ~ Dave Gordon The measurement of absolute and overall poverty ~ Peter Townsend and Christina Pantazis The necessities of life Christina Pantazis, Dave Gordon and Peter Townsend The concept and measurement of social exclusion ~ Ruth Levitas Section Two: Processes: Does work pay? Employment, poverty and social exclusion from social relations ~ Nick Bailey Debt and financial exclusion ~ Stephen McKay and Sharon Collard Social exclusion and local services ~ Tania Fisher and Glen Bramley Crime 'disorder' and insecurity and social exclusion ~ Christina Pantazis Mental health, poverty and social exclusion ~ Sarah Payne Section Three: People: Child, poverty and social exclusion ~ Eva Lloyd Youth, poverty and social exclusion ~ Eldin Fahmy Gender, poverty and social exclusion Christina Pantazis and Elisabetta Ruspini Lone mothers, poverty and social exclusion ~ Ruth Levitas, Emma Head and Naomi Finch Pensioners, poverty and social exclusion ~ Demi Patsios Conclusion ~ Dave Gordon, Ruth Levitas, Christina Pantazis and Peter Townsend.

/pdf/poverty-and-social-exclusion-in-britain-the-millennium-o85mt6ucp1.pdf

Christina Pantazis

Papers

Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain

The Multi-dimensional Analysis of Social Exclusion

From the 'Old' to the 'New' Suspect Community: Examining the Impacts of Recent UK Counter-Terrorist Legislation

Child Poverty in the Developing World

Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain: The Millennium Survey