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Rfid Handbook Fundamentals And Applications In Contactless Smart Cards And Identification

A prototype microwave breast imaging system is used to scan a small group of patients. The prototype implements a monostatic radar-based approach to microwave imaging and utilizes ultra-wideband signals. Eight patients were successfully scanned, and several of the resulting images show responses consistent with the clinical patient histories. These encouraging results motivate further studies of microwave imaging for breast health assessment.

Microwave Breast Imaging With a Monostatic Radar-Based System: A Study of Application to Patients

A wideband microwave system for head imaging is presented. The system includes an array of 16 corrugated tapered slot antennas that are installed on an adjustable platform. A switching device is used to enable the antennas to sequentially send a wideband 1-4 GHz microwave signal and capture the backscattered signals. Those signals are recorded using suitably designed virtual instrument software architecture. To test the capability of the system to detect brain injuries, a low-cost mixture of materials that emulate the frequency-dispersive electrical properties of the major brain tissues across the frequency band 1-4 GHz are used to construct a realistic-shape head phantom. A target that emulates a realistic hemorrhage stroke is fabricated and inserted in two different locations inside the fabricated head phantom. A preprocessing algorithm that utilizes the symmetry of the two halves of human head is used to extract the target response from the background reflections. A post-processing confocal algorithm is used to get an image of the phantom and to accurately detect the presence and location of the stroke.

Microwave System for Head Imaging

Objective:  Microwave breast imaging has seen significant academic and commercial development in recent years, with four new operational microwave imaging systems used with patients since 2016. In this paper, a comprehensive review of these recent clinical advances is presented, comparing patient populations and study outcomes. For the first time, the designs of operational microwave imaging systems are compared in detail. Methods:  First, the current understanding of dielectric properties of human breast tissues is reviewed, considering evidence from operational microwave imaging systems and from dielectric properties measurement studies. Second, design features of operational microwave imaging systems are discussed in terms of advantages and disadvantages during clinical operation. Results:  Reported results from patient imaging trials are compared, contrasting the principal results from each trial. Additionally, clinical experience from each trial is highlighted, identifying desirable system design features for clinical use. Conclusions:  Increasingly, evidence from patient imaging studies indicate that a contrast in dielectric properties between healthy and cancerous breast tissues exists. However, despite the significant and encouraging results from patient trials, variation still exists in the microwave imaging system design. Significance:  This study seeks to define the current state of the art in microwave breast imaging, and identify suitable design characteristics for ease of clinical use.

Microwave Breast Imaging: Clinical Advances and Remaining Challenges

A new approach based the contrast field (CF) formulation of the microwave imaging problem that exploits the Bayesian compressive sampling (BCS) paradigm is proposed for the reconstruction of sparse distributions of weak scatterers. Towards this end, the original inverse scattering problem is recast to a probabilistic sparseness constrained optimization by introducing suitable hierarchical priors as sparsity constraints. A fast relevance vector machine (RVM) is then employed to reconstruct the scatterers as well as to estimate the “confidence level” of the inversion. Representative numerical results are presented to illustrate the method as well as to assess its potentialities and limitations in terms of inversion accuracy, computational efficiency, and robustness. Comparisons with state-of-the-art deterministic and stochastic reconstruction methodologies still within the Born approximation (BA) are discussed, as well.

Microwave Imaging Within the First-Order Born Approximation by Means of the Contrast-Field Bayesian Compressive Sensing

Microwave imaging is recognized as a potential candidate for biomedical applications, such as breast tumor detection. In this context, the capability of a planar microwave camera to produce quantitative imaging of high-contrast inhomogeneous objects is investigated. The image reconstruction is achieved by means of an iterative Newton-Kantorovich algorithm. Promising numerical simulation results indicate that the planar geometry is suitable for quantitative imaging, as long as the signal-to-noise ratio is higher than 40 dB. Such a requirement is satisfied with the camera due to appropriate data averaging. Furthermore, different calibration techniques are discussed, aiming to reduce the model error, which results from the limitations of the numerical model involved in the reconstruction to accurately reproduce the experimental setup. The experimental work also includes the development of a phantom using a new fluid tissue equivalent mixture based on Triton X-100. As a final result, this paper shows the first reconstructed quantitative images of a high-contrast inhomogeneous 2-D object obtained by using experimental data from the camera.

Quantitative Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection Using a Planar 2.45 GHz System

Herein, we study the dielectric properties of various mixtures susceptible to be used in manufacturing of reference inhomogeneous breast phantoms dedicated to the experimental validation of microwave breast imaging systems in the 0.5-6-GHz frequency range. Particularly, we investigate the stability over time and temperature of these properties and their reproducibility for a given mixture, as well as the ability of some mixtures to mimic the various breast tissues, i.e., to show dielectric properties close to that given by one-pole Debye models that describe the mean relative dielectric permittivity of various tissue types.

Breast Phantoms for Microwave Imaging

This paper deals with breast and head phantoms fabricated from 3D-printed structures and liquid mixtures whose complex permittivities are close to that of the biological tissues within a large frequency band. The goal is to enable an easy and safe manufacturing of stable-in-time detailed anthropomorphic phantoms dedicated to the test of microwave imaging systems to assess the performances of the latter in realistic configurations before a possible clinical application to breast cancer imaging or brain stroke monitoring. The structure of the breast phantom has already been used by several laboratories to test their measurement systems in the framework of the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action TD1301-MiMed. As for the tissue mimicking liquid mixtures, they are based upon Triton X-100 and salted water. It has been proven that such mixtures can dielectrically mimic the various breast tissues. It is shown herein that they can also accurately mimic most of the head tissues and that, given a binary fluid mixture model, the respective concentrations of the various constituents needed to mimic a particular tissue can be predetermined by means of a standard minimization method.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/8/4/85/pdf

Anthropomorphic Breast and Head Phantoms for Microwave Imaging

This paper deals with the development of realistic breast phantoms dedicated to microwave imaging for breast tumor detection. The phantoms are based upon 3D-printed structures filled up with different liquid mixtures that mimic the various breast tissue types (healthy or cancerous) in terms of complex permittivity over a broad microwave frequency band.

Easy-to-produce adjustable realistic breast phantoms for microwave imaging

Microwave imaging offers an alternative modality for breast cancer screening and for the diagnosis of cerebrovascular accidents Before clinical application, the performances of microwave imaging systems have to be assessed on anatomically detailed anthropomorphic phantoms This paper presents advances in the development of breast and head phantoms based upon 3D-printed structures filled up with liquid solutions that mimic the biological tissues in terms of complex permittivity in a broad microwave frequency band

Christophe Conessa

Papers

Quantitative Microwave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection Using a Planar 2.45 GHz System

Breast Phantoms for Microwave Imaging

Anthropomorphic Breast and Head Phantoms for Microwave Imaging

Easy-to-produce adjustable realistic breast phantoms for microwave imaging

Reference phantoms for microwave imaging