Christopher J. Keylock

TL;DR: A link is noted between a common family of diversity indices and non-additive statistical mechanics that makes the Shannon index and the Simpson diversity (or Gini coefficient) special cases of a more general index.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test the behavior of two statistical avalanche models and three hydraulic-continuum models of varying dimensionality against five reference events, and propose a scheme for avalanche hazard zoning that integrates the statistical and dynamic models, such that zoning can be undertaken with some confidence.

TL;DR: In the last decade, as computing power has increased, there has been an explosion in the use of eddy-resolving numerical methods in the engineering, earth and environmental sciences as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: Large-eddy simulation (LES) is a method for resolving the time-dependent structure of high Reynolds number, turbulent flows as discussed by the authors, and it is possible to model and track the behaviour of coherent turbulent structures and study their effect on the flow field.

TL;DR: In this paper, two simulation models are developed to calculate the probability of avalanches travelling a certain distance and of the flow being a specific width, in combination with knowledge of the average frequency of avalanche occurrence, the variability in avalanche direction and the degree of loss caused by an avalanche, permit risk values to be determined for the areas of concern.