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TL;DR: The results suggest that GSPE could exert these effects partially by increasing Sirt1 expression and preventing hypothalamic inflammation, and improves the central and peripheral leptin resistance associated with diet-induced obesity.

TL;DR: GSPE supplementation has anti-hypertrophic and hyperplasic activities in rats with established obesity, mainly in visceral WAT inducing a healthier expansion of WAT to match the surplus energy provided by the cafeteria diet.

TL;DR: This review summarizes the existing literature on potentially valuable nutrients and food components to reverse leptin resistance and suggests several food compounds, such as teasaponins, resveratrol, celastrol, caffeine, and taurine among others, are able to restore the leptin signaling in neurons by overexpressing anorexigenic peptides and/or repressing orexigenics peptides, thus decreasing food intake.

TL;DR: GSPE modulated the clock system in the liver, suggesting that PAs can regulate lipid and glucose metabolism by adjusting the circadian rhythm in the Liver.

TL;DR: A summary of recently developed foodomic methodologies for the detection of suggested biomarkers, including the food specificity for each suggested biomarker, are provided and a brief description of the key aspects of 24-h recalls that may affect marker detection and stability are described.