3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

Biomass is an important feedstock for the renewable production of fuels, chemicals, and energy. As of 2005, over 3% of the total energy consumption in the United States was supplied by biomass, and it recently surpassed hydroelectric energy as the largest domestic source of renewable energy. Similarly, the European Union received 66.1% of its renewable energy from biomass, which thus surpassed the total combined contribution from hydropower, wind power, geothermal energy, and solar power. In addition to energy, the production of chemicals from biomass is also essential; indeed, the only renewable source of liquid transportation fuels is currently obtained from biomass.

The Catalytic Valorization of Lignin for the Production of Renewable Chemicals

Polydopamine and Its Derivative Materials: Synthesis and Promising Applications in Energy, Environmental, and Biomedical Fields

With digital equipment becoming increasingly networked, either on wired or wireless networks, for personal and professional use alike, distributed software systems have become a crucial element in information and communications technologies. The study of these systems forms the core of the ARLES' work, which is specifically concerned with defining new system software architectures, based on the use of emerging networking technologies. In this context, we concentrate on the study of distributed systems which bring to life the vision of ubiquitous computing systems, also known as ambient intelligence.

반도체 공정 overview

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Oxidative upgrade of lignin – Recent routes reviewed

On the structure of softwood kraft lignin

Milled wood lignin: a linear oligomer.

By combining mild alkaline hydrolysis with quantitative 31P NMR we have been able to arrive at a protocol for determining the various ester linkages and their relative contributions to the overall structure of wheat straw lignin. Additional information on the identity and location of these bonds was sought by the application of GC/MS and two-dimensional 13C−1H heterocorrelation NMR experiments. Milled straw lignin was found to contain about 12 ester units per 100 phenylpropane units. Approximately 77% of the carboxyl fraction of these ester bonds was found to be composed of p-coumaric acid while the rest was other aromatic acids bound to lignin via intra- and/or intermolecular ester bonds. In contrast, the hydroxyl fraction of the ester bonds was found to be almost exclusively aliphatic. A small fraction (about 1.6%) of the milled straw lignin units was found to be esterified through the phenolic hydroxyl groups of C-5 condensed phenolic units. The application of 13C−1H correlative NMR experiments reveale...

Structural Analysis of Wheat Straw Lignin by Quantitative 31P and 2D NMR Spectroscopy. The Occurrence of Ester Bonds and α-O-4 Substructures

Quick quantitative HSQC (QQ-HSQC) was applied to quantitative evaluation of different inter-unit linkages in an array of milled softwood and hardwood and technical lignins by using the guaiacyl C2 and syringyl C2–C6 signals as internal standards. The results were found to be highly reproducible and comparable with earlier literature reports. The advantage of QQ-HSQC NMR analysis of lignin is contemporary detection and quantification of lignin inter-unit linkages with a direct, non-destructive method requiring short acquisition times.

Claudia Crestini

Papers

Oxidative upgrade of lignin – Recent routes reviewed

On the structure of softwood kraft lignin

Milled wood lignin: a linear oligomer.

Structural Analysis of Wheat Straw Lignin by Quantitative 31P and 2D NMR Spectroscopy. The Occurrence of Ester Bonds and α-O-4 Substructures

Elucidation of Lignin Structure by Quantitative 2D NMR