物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge. Edited by I. Lakatos and A. Musgrave. Pp. viii, 282. £3·50, paperback £1. 1970. (Cambridge University Press.)

In this innovative book, a well-known feminist and sociologist-who is also the founding editor of Gender & Society-challenges our most basic assumptions about gender. Judith Lorber argues that gender is wholly a product of socialization, subject to human agency, organization, and interpretation, and that it is a social institution comparable to the economy, the family, and religion in its significance and consequences. Calling into question the inevitability and necessity of gender, she envisions a society structured for equality, where no gender, racial ethnic, or social class group is allowed to monopolize positions of power.

Paradoxes of gender

We provide an extensive overview of existing research in the field of software refactoring. This research is compared and discussed based on a number of different criteria: the refactoring activities that are supported, the specific techniques and formalisms that are used for supporting these activities, the types of software artifacts that are being refactored, the important issues that need to be taken into account when building refactoring tool support, and the effect of refactoring on the software process. A running example is used to explain and illustrate the main concepts.

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A survey of software refactoring

Data integration is a key issue for any integrated set of software tools A typical CASE environment, for instance, offers tools for the manipulation of requirements and software design documents, and it provides more or less sophisticated assistance for keeping these documents in a consistent state Up to now, almost all data consistency observing or preserving integration tools are hand-crafted due to the lack of generic implementation frameworks and the absence of adequate specification formalisms Triple graph grammars are intended to fill this gap and to support the specification of interdependencies between graph-like data structures on a very high level Furthermore, they are the fundamentals of a new machinery for the production of batch-oriented as well as incrementally working data integration tools

Specification of Graph Translators with Triple Graph Grammars

Refactoring is one key issue to increase internal software quality during the whole software lifecycle. Since identifying structures where refactorings should be applied often is explained with subjective perceptions like "bad taste" or "bad smell", an automatic refactoring location finder seems difficult. We show that a special kind of metrics can support these subjective perceptions and thus can be used as an effective and efficient way to get support for the decision of where to apply refactoring. Due to the fact that the software developer is the last authority, we provide powerful and metrics based software visualisation to support the developers in judging their products. The authors demonstrate this approach for four typical refactorings and present both a tool supporting the identification and case studies of its application.

Metrics based refactoring

Task description- Comparative survey- CSL- Esterel- Lustre- Signal- Statecharts- TLT- SDL- Focus- Spectrum- KIV- Tatzelwurm- HTTDs and HOL- Raise- Deductive synthesis- Symbolic Timing Diagrams- LCM and MCM- Modula-3- TROLL light- Simulation

Formal Development of Reactive Systems: Case Study Production Cell

In this paper we present a hierarchy-based visualization approach for software metrics using Treemaps. Contrary to existing rectangle-based Treemap layout algorithms, we introduce layouts based on arbitrary polygons that are advantageous with respect to the aspect ratio between width and height of the objects and the identification of boundaries between and within the hierarchy levels in the Treemap. The layouts are computed by the iterative relaxation of Voronoi tessellations. Additionally, we describe techniques that allow the user to investigate software metric data of complex systems by utilizing transparencies in combination with interactive zooming.

http://courses.ischool.berkeley.edu/i247/f05/readings/Balzer_Voronoi_SoftVis05.pdf

Voronoi treemaps for the visualization of software metrics

This chapter presents a case study in the field of control systems. The task consists of developing verified control software for a model representing a production cell installed in a metal-processing plant in Karlsruhe. The paper describes the functionality of the model, explains how the control program relies on the system's sensors, discusses the possibilities for driving the model with the help of various actuators, and finally defines the requirements that are to be fulfilled by the control software. 2.1 Description of the Production Cell The Forschungszentrum Informatik has created a model of a production cell for mounting frames which was built as part of a study in microcomputer technology in 1989. This is not a model only in theory: it represents an actual industrial installation in a metal-processing plant in Karlsruhe. The case study presents a realistic industry-oriented problem, where safety requirements play a significant role and can be met by the application of formal methods. The manageable size of the task allows for experimenting with several approaches. The production cell processes metal blanks which are conveyed to a press by a feed belt. A robot takes each blank from the feed belt and places it into the press. The robot arm withdraws from the press, the press processes the metal blank and

Formal Development of Reactive Systems

Presents a novel way of using object-oriented design metrics to support the incremental development of object-oriented programs. Based on a quality model (the factor-criteria-metrics model), so-called multi-metrics relate a number of simple structural measurements to design principles and rules. Single components of an object-oriented program like classes or subsystems are analyzed to determine whether they conform to specific design goals. Concise measurement reports, together with detailed explanations of the obtained values, identify problem spots in system design and give hints for improvement. This allows the designer to measure and evaluate programs at an appropriate level of abstraction. This paper details the use of the multi-metrics approach for the design and improvement of a framework for industry and its use for graphical applications. Multi-metrics tools were used with several versions of the framework. The measurement results were used in design reviews to quantify the effects of efforts to reorganize the framework. The results showed that this approach was very effective at giving good feedback, even to very experienced software developers. It helped them to improve their software and to create stable system designs.

Claus Lewerentz

Papers

Metrics based refactoring

Formal Development of Reactive Systems: Case Study Production Cell

Voronoi treemaps for the visualization of software metrics

Formal Development of Reactive Systems

Applying design-metrics to object-oriented frameworks