From the combination of knowledge and actions, someone can improve their skill and ability. It will lead them to live and work much better. This is why, the students, workers, or even employers should have reading habit for books. Any book will give certain knowledge to take all benefits. This is what this the interferon system tells you. It will add more knowledge of you to life and work better. Try it and prove it.

The Interferon System

Biology of the Mouse Histocompatibility-2 Complex

An injection of viable thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes was absolutely essential to enable a normal or near-normal 19S liemolysin-forming cell response in the spleens of neonatally thymectomized mice challenged with sheep erythrocytes. Syngeneic thymus lymphocytes were as effective as thoracic duct lymphocytes in this system and allogeneic or semiallogeneic cells could also reconstitute their hosts. No significant elevation of the response was achieved by giving either bone marrow cells, irradiated thymus or thoracic duct cells, thymus extracts or yeast. Spleen cells from reconstituted mice were exposed to anti-H2 sera directed against either the donor of the thymus or thoracic duct cells, or against the neonatally thymectomized host. Only isoantisera directed against the host could significantly reduce the number of hemolysin-forming cells present in the spleen cell suspensions. It is concluded that these antibody-forming cells are derived, not from the inoculated thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes, but from the host. Thoracic duct cells from donors specifically immunologically tolerant of sheep erythrocytes had a markedly reduced restorative capacity in neonatally thymectomized recipients challenged with sheep erythrocytes. These results have suggested that there are cell types, in thymus or thoracic duct lymph, with capacities to react specifically with antigen and to induce the differentiation, to antibody-forming cells, of hemolysin-forming cell precursors derived from a separate cell line present in the neonatally thymectomized hosts.

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Cell to cell interaction in the immune response : i. hemolysin-forming cells in neonatally thymectomized mice reconstituted with thymus or thoracic duct lymphocytes

LYMPHOCYTES from normal individuals may have considerable levels of cytotoxic reactivity against tumour cells, mediated by NK (natural killer) cells1. There are many similarities between NK cells and the effector cells (K cells) mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumour target cells2,3, and they may in fact be identical cells. In vivo inoculation of rodents with viruses4,5, immunostimulants4,6–8, tumour cells4 and other interferon inducers8 results in augmented NK activity. Interferon (IF) was shown to have a major role in rapidly boosting mouse NK activity, both in vivo9,10 and in vitro9. Trinchieri and Santoli11 have suggested that IF could also augment human NK activity. However, the preparations used might have contained a variety of other lymphokines. The present study shows that IF can indeed augment human NK activity and also ADCC.

Augmentation by interferon of human natural and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the types, effects, and properties of interferons (IFN). Interferons are classified into two types, I and II, on the basis of distinct biological, biochemical, and serological properties. Type II IFN, which is acid-labile, is secreted by T lymphocytes after immune or mitogenic stimulation. Analyses at the genomic level have revealed only one gene for type II IFN, namely—IFN-γ, which shows no clear relationship to the genes of type I IFN and is located on a different chromosome than the latter. Type I IFNs are induced by viral infection or the treatment of a variety of cells with poly(I)·poly(C) and are usually acid-stable. The genes encoding type I IFNs are the members of a superfamily. All are located on one chromosome and comprise the IFN-β and IFN-α families, which diverged 200-300 million years ago or more. In ungulates, the IFN-β family comprises several genes and in man and mouse, only one. The recently described IFN-β 2 , while cross-reacting with IFN-β antibodies, is apparently not related to the IFN-β at the genetic level. The IFN-α family comprises at least two subfamilies, IFN-α I and IFN-α II , which diverged 120 million years ago or more, clearly before the mammalian radiation.

The interferon genes.

Mouse interferon produced in L cells was subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound anti-interferon globulin. The hyperimmune anti-interferon serum was specifically adsorbed to remove antibodies against proteins derived from normal L cells, medium, and inducer virus preparation. The method permitted selective elimination of identified contaminant antigens from crude interferon preparations. Recovery of interferon was quantitative, and purification during this step was from 20- to 50-fold. Specific activities in peak fractions ranged from 1 to 2.7 × 108 National Institutes of Health reference units per mg protein. Interferons induced by irradiated Newcastle disease virus and poly I:C were purified to the same degree.

Purification of mouse interferon by affinity chromatography on anti-interferon globulin-sepharose.

Interferons produced in human peripheral leukocytes (LE) and foreskin fibroblast (FS-4) cells were subjected to affinity chromatography on Sepharose-bound globulins from rabbits immunized with these interferons Anti-LE interferon sera neutralized both interferons, but titers against FS-4 interferon were consistently lower than those against LE interferon Anti-FS-4 interferon sera neutralized only FS-4 but not LE interferon Accordingly, affinity columns constructed with anti-FS-4 globulin excluded LE but not FS-4 interferon, whereas those prepared with anti-LE interferon globulin bound and eluted both LE and FS-4 interferons Purification of native interferons of both types on anti-LE interferon-Sepharose ranged from 680- to 3,600-fold and recoveries from 72 to 126% Specific activities of eluate pools varied from 4 to 30 × 10 6 reference (B, 69/19) units per milligram protein

Affinity Chromatography of Human Leukocyte and Diploid Cell Interferons on Sepharose-Bound Antibodies

Shigella paradysenteriae organisms were incubated in a solution of trypsin and then removed from the suspension by Seitz filtration. Serologic tests with anti whole Shigella serum indicated that the filtrate contained antigenic material derived from the organisms. When lymph node cells from rabbits not previously injected with Shigella were incubated in vitro with such filtrates and then transferred to irradiated recipients, agglutinins to Shigella appeared in the sera of the latter. The transfer of heated suspensions of cells was not followed by the appearance of agglutinins in irradiated recipient rabbits. Non-irradiated recipients of lymph node cells incubated with the filtrate also developed agglutinin titers, to a lower level than irradiated animals. Agglutinins did not appear in the sera of the majority of non-irradiated recipients of heated cells. The addition of excess antiserum to either the filtrate or the cell suspension before the incubation of these two materials resulted in a marked reduction in the subsequent agglutinin titers of recipient animals. However, if antiserum was added at the conclusion of the usual 30 minute incubation of cells and filtrate, or even after 5 minutes of incubation, there was no reduction in the agglutinin titers of the recipients. Cytologic examination of aliquots of a number of the suspensions of cells prepared for transfer revealed that approximately 98 to 99 per cent of the cells belonged to the lymphocytic series.

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Studies on the transfer of lymph node cells. VII. Transfer of cells incubated in vitro with filtrates of trypsin-treated suspensions of Shigella paradysenteriae.

Summary Human leukocyte interferon, purified approximately 1000-fold by affinity chromatography on immobilized anti-interferon globulins and SDS-Sephadex filtration, was resolved into one major and one minor component by adsorption chromatography on hydroxylapatite and electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels. These components were indistinguishable in their capacity to protect bovine, porcine and murine cells, and the antiviral activities of both were equally susceptible to reduction by β-mercaptoethanol. They were neutralized to the same degree by rabbit anti-leukocyte interferon but were not neutralized by rabbit antifibroblast interferon serum. Mice immunized with either component developed antibodies to both but failed to form antibodies against human fibroblast interferon. Our present evidence indicates that the two components possess at most only minor structural and antigenic dissimilarities.

Biological properties of human leukocyte interferon components.

Summary1 Precipitin tests in semi-solid agar (gel-precipitin) have been carried out between concentrates of streptococcal culture supernates and sera of various sources Two technics of diffusion in 1 dimension (tube) were used: the single-diffusion technic of Oudin, and a double-diffusion technic 2 Sera of rabbits previously injected with streptococcal culture supernates showed increasing numbers of bands as the course of injections progressed Sera of such rabbits showed as many as 5 bands when tested with such concentrates, indicating that this was the minimum number of antigen-antibody systems present 3 Sera of patients with acute rheumatic fever and of patients convalescent from an acute streptococcal infection (scarlet fever) were also tested by this technic against concentrates of streptococcal culture supernates The group with rheumatic fever showed a greater number of bands (a range of 2-7) than did the group with scarlet fever (0-4), when tested by the double-diffusion technic The corresp

Clifton A. Ogburn

Papers

Purification of mouse interferon by affinity chromatography on anti-interferon globulin-sepharose.

Affinity Chromatography of Human Leukocyte and Diploid Cell Interferons on Sepharose-Bound Antibodies

Studies on the transfer of lymph node cells. VII. Transfer of cells incubated in vitro with filtrates of trypsin-treated suspensions of Shigella paradysenteriae.

Biological properties of human leukocyte interferon components.

Gel-precipitation of streptococcal culture supernates with sera of patients with rheumatic fever and streptococcal infection.