The smart grid is conceived of as an electric grid that can deliver electricity in a controlled, smart way from points of generation to active consumers. Demand response (DR), by promoting the interaction and responsiveness of the customers, may offer a broad range of potential benefits on system operation and expansion and on market efficiency. Moreover, by improving the reliability of the power system and, in the long term, lowering peak demand, DR reduces overall plant and capital cost investments and postpones the need for network upgrades. In this paper a survey of DR potentials and benefits in smart grids is presented. Innovative enabling technologies and systems, such as smart meters, energy controllers, communication systems, decisive to facilitate the coordination of efficiency and DR in a smart grid, are described and discussed with reference to real industrial case studies and research projects.

Demand response and smart grids—A survey

This paper addresses to some of the latest contributions on the application of Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) in Power Electronics. In FCS-MPC , the switching states are directly applied to the power converter, without the need of an additional modulation stage. The paper shows how the use of FCS-MPC provides a simple and efficient computational realization for different control objectives in Power Electronics. Some applications of this technology in drives, active filters, power conditioning, distributed generation and renewable energy are covered. Finally, attention is paid to the discussion of new trends in this technology and to the identification of open questions and future research topics.

State of the Art of Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control in Power Electronics

The authors discuss high-voltage power conversion. Conventional series connection and three-level voltage source inverter techniques are reviewed and compared. A novel versatile multilevel commutation cell is introduced: it is shown that this topology is safer and more simple to control, and delivers purer output waveforms. The authors show how this technique can be applied to either choppers or voltage-source inverters and generalized to any number of switches.<<ETX>>

Multi-level conversion : high voltage choppers and voltage-source inverters

The paper reviews different approaches, technologies, and strategies to manage large-scale schemes of variable renewable electricity such as solar and wind power. We consider both supply and demand side measures. In addition to presenting energy system flexibility measures, their importance to renewable electricity is discussed. The flexibility measures available range from traditional ones such as grid extension or pumped hydro storage to more advanced strategies such as demand side management and demand side linked approaches, e.g. the use of electric vehicles for storing excess electricity, but also providing grid support services. Advanced batteries may offer new solutions in the future, though the high costs associated with batteries may restrict their use to smaller scale applications. Different “P2Y”-type of strategies, where P stands for surplus renewable power and Y for the energy form or energy service to which this excess in converted to, e.g. thermal energy, hydrogen, gas or mobility are receiving much attention as potential flexibility solutions, making use of the energy system as a whole. To “functionalize” or to assess the value of the various energy system flexibility measures, these need often be put into an electricity/energy market or utility service context. Summarizing, the outlook for managing large amounts of RE power in terms of options available seems to be promising.

https://research.aalto.fi/files/6557604/lund_et_al_review.pdf

Review of energy system flexibility measures to enable high levels of variable renewable electricity

A communication infrastructure is an essential part to the success of the emerging smart grid. A scalable and pervasive communication infrastructure is crucial in both construction and operation of a smart grid. In this paper, we present the background and motivation of communication infrastructures in smart grid systems. We also summarize major requirements that smart grid communications must meet. From the experience of several industrial trials on smart grid with communication infrastructures, we expect that the traditional carbon fuel based power plants can cooperate with emerging distributed renewable energy such as wind, solar, etc, to reduce the carbon fuel consumption and consequent green house gas such as carbon dioxide emission. The consumers can minimize their expense on energy by adjusting their intelligent home appliance operations to avoid the peak hours and utilize the renewable energy instead. We further explore the challenges for a communication infrastructure as the part of a complex smart grid system. Since a smart grid system might have over millions of consumers and devices, the demand of its reliability and security is extremely critical. Through a communication infrastructure, a smart grid can improve power reliability and quality to eliminate electricity blackout. Security is a challenging issue since the on-going smart grid systems facing increasing vulnerabilities as more and more automation, remote monitoring/controlling and supervision entities are interconnected.

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=electricalengineeringfacpub

A Survey on Smart Grid CommunicationInfrastructures: Motivations, Requirements andChallenges

Because of their numerous advantages including high voltage operations and limited harmonics content, multilevel inverters are often used in high power applications. However, dc sources supplying the inverter do not always have the same voltage, thus resulting voltage unbalances and performance deterioration. In order to solve such a problem, this paper proposes a modulation technique based on a harmonic elimination method developed for five level inverters with unequal dc link voltages. The approach is based on the analytical solution of non linear equations associated with the inverter. After a description of the method, an analysis on the computed switching angles and on their impact on total harmonic distortion is reported with the support of simulation results.

SHE formulation for five level inverters with unequal DC sources

Cellular Phone Detection by Leaky Line Antennas aboard Aircraft

Contouring control is one of the most important tasks for the dual-linear-motor-driven gantry system, whose control performance determines the in various precision machining equipment, mainly industrial machine tools. Nevertheless, there are some limitations in present results, including the insufficient consideration of system uncertainty and the approximation errors introduced by the computation of the path length. To overcome these issues, the effects of the rotational dynamic and uncertainties are studied and further refined in this article, and a robust control scheme with adaptive neural network identification is designed based on the desired contouring velocity. The method improves existing approaches and avoids the imperfection of the previous one, based on tracking control under global task coordinate frame. The effects of various environmental forces are considered and the B-spline wavelet neural network is employed to approximate unknown dynamic caused by the thrust ripples of the three motors. Some experiments on a real system verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed velocity-based contouring control method

Robust Control of Dual-Linear-Motor-Driven Gantry Stage for Coordinated Contouring Tasks Based on Feed Velocity

This paper deals with the radiation produced by ultra wide band (UWB) impulse radio transmitters. A numerical procedure is proposed in order to define the ideal UWB pulse able to be compliant with the FCC emission mask taking into account the effect of the radiating antenna (antenna factor, radiation pattern). The obtained ideal UWB pulse is then decomposed in a linear combination of Gaussian pulses. Finally, a numerical procedure for electromagnetic field calculation is applied to verify the compliance of the generated pulse with the emission standards

Pulse Shaping Numerical Procedures for Ultra Wide Bandwidth Systems

This paper proposes a new four-phase isolated DC-DC converter that can be used in renewable energy sources such as batteries, photovoltaic, and fuel cell systems. This converter is suitable for industrial applications that require high voltage and power. A four-phase high-frequency transformer is used for isolation and increasing voltage. The most important feature of this converter is reducing current ripple of the power source. Moreover, the proposed converter considerably decreases the load voltage ripple. The current passing through the switches and passive elements is low, too. The converter is analyzed in four regions. Each of these regions is distinguished by the maximum number of switches that are simultaneously turned on in each switching period. Finally, the accuracy operation of the proposed converter is reconfirmed by the simulation results.

Concettina Buccella

Papers

SHE formulation for five level inverters with unequal DC sources

Cellular Phone Detection by Leaky Line Antennas aboard Aircraft

Robust Control of Dual-Linear-Motor-Driven Gantry Stage for Coordinated Contouring Tasks Based on Feed Velocity

Pulse Shaping Numerical Procedures for Ultra Wide Bandwidth Systems

Four-phase isolated DC-DC converter