The Age of Migration

For almost 50 years field experiments have been used to study ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring decisions, consistently reporting high rates of discrimination against minority applicants - including immigrants -, irrespective of time, location, or minority groups tested. While Riach and Rich (2002) and Rich (2014) provide systematic reviews of existing field experiments, no study has undertaken a meta-analysis to examine the findings in the studies reported. In this article we present a meta-analysis of 730 correspondence tests in 42 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015. In addition to summarizing research findings, we focus on subgroups to ascertain the robustness of findings, emphasizing differences across countries, gender, and economic contexts. Moreover we test hypotheses with regard to taste-based and statistical discrimination. To this end, we draw on the fact that the groups considered in correspondence tests and the contexts of testing vary to some extent. We focus on first- and second generation immigrants, differences between specific minority groups, the implementation of EU directives, and the length of job application packs. There are many indications that ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions reflects taste-based discrimination, although in some cases statistical discrimination seems to occur.

Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: A meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015

For 2014 the bibliography continues its customary coverage of secondary writings published since 1900 in western European languages on slavery or the slave trade anywhere in the world: monographs, ...

Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (2014)

This article looks at the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings, with examples drawn from intergovernmental organizations, the European Union and the UK. It begins by outlining legal recognitio...

Human trafficking: Sketchy data and policy responses

Complying with Europe - EU Harmonisation and Soft Law in the Member States

a Combating trafficking in human beings (THB) for labour exploitation requires additional skills, knowledge and awareness for effective investigation and prosecution, and for the identification and assistance of victims of this form of THB Actors other than the police and the prosecution services (such as labour inspectorates, social investigation services and municipalities) have also become involved in these activities It is unclear which role these actors can have in identifying victims and in investigating and prosecuting (cross-border) THB for labour exploitation and which improvements are needed They are often unfamiliar with, for instance, the specific needs of victims, how trafficking networks operate, and how to cooperate with colleagues abroad These problems obviously hamper the combating of THB for labour exploitation In addition, difficulties in defining THB for labour exploitation still exist Labour exploitation, as such, is not a term used in the Palermo Protocol or the EU Directive on Preventing and Combating THB and Protecting Victims One can say that labour exploitation includes at least, forced and compulsory labour and services, slavery and slavery-like practices, although this does not solve the problems encountered in defining the crime

/pdf/combating-trafficking-in-human-beings-for-labour-2540rbbedb.pdf

Combating trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation

I. INTRODUCTIONCaptives from Myanmar and Cambodia are sold to captains on Thai fishing boats to work for months or even years on the boats with little or no payment, with long working days up to 20 hours a day under grave conditions.The Indian garment industry has been accused of using child labor for fancy labels that are sold in Western countries.In the greenhouses in Almeria in the Southeastern part of Spain, illegal migrants live in shacks made of old boxes and plastic sheets without sanitation and access to clean running water, receive less than half the minimum wage, and harvest vegetables sold in supermarkets in other European countries.1These are a few examples of the criminal exploitation involved in the trafficking in human beings ("THB"). The crime is severe and widespread, evoking violations of multiple fundamental rights. THB can take place for the purpose of sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, or the removal of organs. All these different forms of THB have their own dynamics, relevant actors, and stakeholders, and to some extent need to be addressed differently. Reliable figures are hard to come by, and there is no clear-cut line between trafficking and non-trafficking cases. Estimates on the number of trafficking cases vary, but the most recent estimate by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) claims that there are around 20.9 million victims of modern slavery worldwide at any time.2 The ILO estimates that 55 percent of the victims of forced labor are female, but in the case of victims of sex trafficking, that figure reaches 98 percent. The ILO figures also show that in Asia and the Pacific region, the number of trafficking victims remains high and that the number of victims from the African continent is on the rise.Despite the increased attention for THB over the last ten years there are no indications that the number of cases is decreasing. What has been learned in this period is that addressing THB only as an organized crime issue limits the options for adequately addressing the phenomenon.3 The figures from the ILO show that a law enforcement response, which has been the main angle from which activities to combat THB have developed, has had limited effect. Furthermore these efforts have a repressive character rather than a preventive one. For these reasons, new avenues need to be sought to address the phenomenon.Nowadays there is more and more support for the idea that action to combat THB must not only be based in criminal law, but must also utilize other fields of law, especially labor law and migration law. Moreover, as follows from the examples above, labor exploitation occurs in work situations, both in the formal and informal labor market, and therefore businesses can play an important role in the prevention of this form of THB.This article addresses THB for the purpose of labor exploitation with the focus on the prevention thereof. As the aforementioned examples show, corporations profit from the exploitation of laborers, and by doing so, infringe on peoples' fundamental rights. Furthermore, labor exploitation interferes with the principle of fair competition, providing another argument for both States and corporations to combat such practices. This article aims to contextualize the corporate responsibility to respect the principles as articulated in the United Nations Protect-Respect-Remedy (PRR) Framework and the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (the GPs)4 in relation to THB. It will do so by analyzing the role of the corporation in avoiding, causing, or contributing to THB through its own activities or the activities in business relationships. It will develop a normative framework for corporations to implement the GPs to prevent THB. Based on this framework it will be possible to assess the preventive strategy regarding THB of a specific corporation enabling a State to decide whether it should take action or not. As such, the framework will also help clarify what the State duty to protect regarding the prevention of THB for labor exploitation entails, and the relationship between this State obligation and the corporate responsibility to prevent THB. …

/pdf/prevention-of-human-trafficking-for-labor-exploitation-the-1l7ntdxf5m.pdf

Prevention of human trafficking for labor exploitation : The role of corporations

The Legal and Practical Implementation of JITS: The Bumpy Road from EU to Member State Level.- Law Enforcement Information Exchange in the Pre-Operational Phase of a JIT.- Law Enforcement Information Exchange in the Operational Phase of a JIT.- Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters: Mutual Legal Assistance.- The Role of Europol and Eurojust in Joint Investigation Teams.- Sociological Aspects Regarding the Set up and Management of a Joint Investigation Team.- Conclusions and Recommendations.

Joint investigation teams in the European Union : From theory to practice

A human rights based approach to trafficking in human beings (THB) is often fostered but not applied in practice. Based on the human rights legal framework the state obligations are identified. These obligations, to criminalize THB, to prosecute THB, to protect and assist victims and to address the root causes, are not addressed in an equal way since the main focus of counter trafficking measures focus on the criminalisation and the prosecution. To also address the assistance and protection of victims and the root causes of THB additional measures are required. It is proposed to make the needs of THB-victims leading instead of criminal law interests, and to develop a Victim Assistance and Protection Package (VAPP). The root causes of THB emerge both on the supply side and the demand side. Suggestions are made to improve the situation on both sides with the ultimate aim to prevent THB.

A human rights based approach to trafficking in human beings

Although a human rights based approach to trafficking in human beings is often proclaimed in words, states seem to be reluctant to really implement such an approach. This article provides the necessary steps to put this approach into practice. One of the steps is the introduction of a Victim Assistance and Protection Package (VAPP), based on existing mechanisms for victim protection at the international, European, and national levels. A VAPP should apply to all victims of trafficking in human beings (THB) regardless of whether they cooperate with the authorities or not. The article furthermore considers the contribution of the criminalisation of those who intentionally make use of the services of victims of THB to a human rights based approach. This is suggested by Article 19 of the Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings from the Council of Europe. In this regard the Swedish and the Dutch policy regarding prostitution are compared. The state obligations based on the international human rights documents are analysed in order to complete the picture of a human rights based approach to THB.

https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1135108_code90684.pdf?abstractid=1135108&rulid=5383251&mirid=1

Conny Rijken

Papers

Combating trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation

Prevention of human trafficking for labor exploitation : The role of corporations

Joint investigation teams in the European Union : From theory to practice

A human rights based approach to trafficking in human beings

A Human Rights Based Approach to Trafficking in Human Beings in Theory and Practice