The Age of Migration

For almost 50 years field experiments have been used to study ethnic and racial discrimination in hiring decisions, consistently reporting high rates of discrimination against minority applicants - including immigrants -, irrespective of time, location, or minority groups tested. While Riach and Rich (2002) and Rich (2014) provide systematic reviews of existing field experiments, no study has undertaken a meta-analysis to examine the findings in the studies reported. In this article we present a meta-analysis of 730 correspondence tests in 42 separate studies conducted in OECD countries between 1990 and 2015. In addition to summarizing research findings, we focus on subgroups to ascertain the robustness of findings, emphasizing differences across countries, gender, and economic contexts. Moreover we test hypotheses with regard to taste-based and statistical discrimination. To this end, we draw on the fact that the groups considered in correspondence tests and the contexts of testing vary to some extent. We focus on first- and second generation immigrants, differences between specific minority groups, the implementation of EU directives, and the length of job application packs. There are many indications that ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions reflects taste-based discrimination, although in some cases statistical discrimination seems to occur.

Ethnic discrimination in hiring decisions: A meta-analysis of correspondence tests 1990–2015

For 2014 the bibliography continues its customary coverage of secondary writings published since 1900 in western European languages on slavery or the slave trade anywhere in the world: monographs, ...

Slavery: Annual Bibliographical Supplement (2014)

This article looks at the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings, with examples drawn from intergovernmental organizations, the European Union and the UK. It begins by outlining legal recognitio...

Human trafficking: Sketchy data and policy responses

Complying with Europe - EU Harmonisation and Soft Law in the Member States

Boaventura de Sousa Santos treated Tilburg University to a colorful and rich pallet of topics during his Montesquieu lecture that prompted self-reflection and critical review of the role of law in our western societies. He argued that the way the law functions today leads to the creation of an abyssal line that creates radical exclusions. Although critical of the role of law and the legal regime in western societies, he encourages us, lawyers of the 21st century, to reform and further develop the law in such a way that it is built on democratic pluralism, interculturality and dignity and as such contributes to a more inclusive society. In this short reflection on de Sousa Santos’ Lecture, I highlight some examples and situations that show how rules and procedures of Western societies can have detrimental effects on large groups of refugees and migrants.

Threats, Monsters and the ‘Refugee Crisis’

This report describes the horrific situation of trafficking of refugees in the Sinai desert, a crisis that started in 2009. The refugees include men, women, children and accompanying infants fleeing from already desperate circumstances in Eritrea, Ethiopia and Sudan. An estimated 95% of the refugees held as hostages in the Sinai are Eritreans. Smuggled across borders by middlemen, or kidnapped from refugee camps in Ethiopia and the Sudan as well as their surrounding areas, and then captured or sold, the refugees are held hostage close to the Israeli border in inhumane conditions and tortured for ransoms of up to USD 50,000. A large number of the refugees have died, either while being held hostage or after their release - often even after their ransom has been paid. A large number of refugees simply ‘disappear’, killed while being held or after release.

Refugees between Life and Death

Versterkte bescherming voor slachtoffers van mensenhandel. Is aanpassing van de B9 naar aanleiding van Europese regelgeving noodzakelijk

This editorial chapter sets the stage for the groundbreaking chapters that comprise this volume. We discuss in some detail the fragmented legal framework of intra-EU mobility and labour market access of third-country nationals coming to the EU. In the discussion of the concept of decent labour and decent labour markets, we identify three dichotomies at the intersection of (the regulation of) labour markets and migration that underlie this volume. This is followed by a discussion of the collected chapters, each of which describes and problematises aspects of the road and obstacles towards a decent labour market for low-waged migrant workers. The chapter concludes with a multilayered framework and some unconventional thoughts on how to achieve such a decent labour market.

Towards a decent labour market for law waged migrant workers: An introduction

In this chapter the relation between globalization and migration and their effects on trafficking in human beings are explored. Given that the legal response to THE3 most often finds its basis in criminal law, it is examined which obligations follow if using a human rights law framework to address TIIB, in order to create a balance between criminal law interests and victims’ interests. It will be argued that only when the needs of those who are trafficked will be chosen as the starting point for devising remedies against trafficking in human beings, a more comprehensive approach to trafficking in human beings can be realised. Finally it is argued that the concept of human security might be helpful, not only to identify these needs in a comprehensive way, but also as a conceptual framework that allows to productively reconcile the tension between prosecutorial interests and victim protection in the field of trafficking.

Conny Rijken

Papers

Threats, Monsters and the ‘Refugee Crisis’

Refugees between Life and Death

Versterkte bescherming voor slachtoffers van mensenhandel. Is aanpassing van de B9 naar aanleiding van Europese regelgeving noodzakelijk

Towards a decent labour market for law waged migrant workers: An introduction

Trafficking for Sexual Purposes as a Globalized Shadow Economy: Human Security as the Tool to Facilitate a Human Rights Based Approach