The boundary layer equations for plane, incompressible, and steady flow are 

$$\matrix{ {u{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + v{{\partial u} \over {\partial y}} = - {1 \over \varrho }{{\partial p} \over {\partial x}} + v{{{\partial ^2}u} \over {\partial {y^2}}},} \cr {0 = {{\partial p} \over {\partial y}},} \cr {{{\partial u} \over {\partial x}} + {{\partial v} \over {\partial y}} = 0.} \cr }$$

Boundary Layer Theory

Background
Leuciscinae is a subfamily belonging to the Cyprinidae fish family that is widely distributed in Circum-Mediterranean region. Many efforts have been carried out to deciphering the evolutionary history of this group. Thus, different biogeographical scenarios have tried to explain the colonization of Europe and Mediterranean area by cyprinids, such as the "north dispersal" or the "Lago Mare dispersal" models. Most recently, Pleistocene glaciations influenced the distribution of leuciscins, especially in North and Central Europe. Weighing up these biogeographical scenarios, this paper constitutes not only the first attempt at deciphering the mitochondrial and nuclear relationships of Mediterranean leuciscins but also a test of biogeographical hypotheses that could have determined the current distribution of Circum-Mediterranean leuciscins.

/pdf/phylogenetic-relationships-and-biogeographical-patterns-in-13waz1mqla.pdf

Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical patterns in Circum-Mediterranean Subfamily Leuciscinae (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) inferred from both mitochondrial and nuclear data

The current status of the inland waters ichthyofauna of Turkey is revised, and an updated checklist of the freshwater fishes is presented. A total of 368 fish species live in the inland waters of Turkey. Among these, 3 species are globally extinct, 5 species are extinct in Turkey, 28 species are non-native and 153 species are considered as endemic to Turkey. We recognise pronounced species richness and a high degree of endemism of the Turkish ichthyofauna (41.58%). Orders with the largest numbers of species in the ichthyofauna of Turkey are the Cypriniformes 247 species), Perciformes (43 species), Salmoniformes (21 species), Cyprinodontiformes (15 species), Siluriformes (10 species), Acipenseriformes (8 species) and Clupeiformes (8 species). At the family level, the Cyprinidae has the greatest number of species (188 species; 51.1% of the total species), followed by the Nemacheilidae (39), Salmonidae (21 species), Cobitidae (20 species), Gobiidae (18 species) and Cyprinodontidea (14 species).

http://biozoojournals.ro/bihbiol/cont/v9n2/bb_151306_Cicek.pdf

Freshwater fishes of Turkey: a revised and updated annotated checklist

The present study provides a new and updated checklist of the freshwater fishes of Iran. The confirmed freshwater fishes of Iran comprise 257 species in 106 genera, 29 families, 18 orders and 3 classes. The most diverse order is the Cypriniformes with 162 species or 63.04% of the fauna, followed by Perciformes (32 species, 12.45%), Cyprinodontiformes (17 species, 6.61%) and Clupeiformes (11 species, 4.28%). The most diverse family is the Cyprinidae with 111 confirmed species (43.19%) followed by Nemacheilidae (44 species, 17.12%), Gobiidae (24 species, 9.34%), Cyprinodontidae (14 species, 5.45%), Clupeidae (10 species, 3.89%), Cobitidae (7 species, 2.72%) and Salmonidae (7 species, 2.72%). Twenty-two families have 6 or fewer species. Fourteen families have only one species. Endemics comprise 73 species (28.40% of total fauna) in seven families although this is expected to increase, as new species are describing. Cyprinidae with 30 endemics (41.10% of endemic species) is ranked first followed by Nemacheilidae with 25 (34.25%), Cyprinodontidae with 11 (15.07%), Cobitidae with 4 (5.48%), and Cichlidae, Gobiidae and Sisoridae, each with one species (1.37% each). An additional 23 species require confirmation of their presence in Iran. Twenty-seven exotic species in nine families are listed here. Cyprinidae with 11 species (40.74% of exotic species) is ranked first followed by Salmonidae (5 species, 18.52%), Poeciliidae with 3 species (11.11%), Mugilidae and Cichlidae both with 2 species (7.41% each) and 4 families each with only one species (3.70% each). Exotic species containing, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and Cyprinus carpio transplanted by Iranian Fisheries Organization (Shilat) for aquaculture developments throughout Iran, but Alburnus hohenackeri, Carassius auratus, Carassius gibelio, Hemiculter leucisculus, Pseudorasbora parva, and Gambusia holbrooki, transferred with them inadvertently to Iranian water resources. Certain nominal species can be regarded as species complexes, probably containing several undescribed species. The genera Capoeta, Squalius, Alburnus and Barbus are wide-ranging and complexes genus in Iran, that systematics of them need careful reassessment.

Freshwater fishes of Iran; an updated checklist.

We examined specimens of the macrostigma trout Salmo macrostigma, which refers to big black spots on the flanks, to assess whether it is an example of taxonomic inflation within the brown trout Salmo trutta complex. Using new specimens, publicly available data and a mitogenomic protocol to amplify the control and cytochrome b regions of the mitochondrial genome from degraded museum samples, including one syntype specimen, the present study shows that the macrostigma trout is not a valid species. Our results suggest the occurrence of a distinct evolutionary lineage of S. trutta in North Africa and Sicily. The name of the North African lineage is proposed for this lineage, which was found to be sister to the Atlantic lineage of brown trout, S. trutta.

/pdf/salmo-macrostigma-teleostei-salmonidae-nothing-more-than-a-1wwtlmcmsa.pdf

Salmo macrostigma (Teleostei, Salmonidae): Nothing more than a brown trout (S. trutta) lineage?

Salmo kottelati sp. n., is described from Alakir Stream (Mediterranean basin) in Turkey. It is distin- guished from other Anatolian Salmo species by a combination of the following characters (none unique to the species): general body colour greenish to silvery in life; 7-9 parr marks along lateral line; four dark bands on flank absent in both sexes; black ocellated spots few, present only on upper part of flank in individuals smaller than 160 mm SL but in larger both males and females black spots numerous and located on back and middle and upper part of flank; red spots few to numerous, scattered on median, and half of lower and upper part of flank; head long (length 29-33% SL in males, 26-32 in females); mouth large (length of mouth gape 13-19% SL in males, 12-15 in females); maxilla long (length 10- 13% SL in males, 8-12 in females); 105-113 lateral line scales; 24-29 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin, 17-19 scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin; 13-15 scales between lateral line and adipose-fin insertion.

https://zookeys.pensoft.net/lib/ajax_srv/article_elements_srv.php?action=download_pdf&item_id=4319

Salmo kottelati, a new species of trout from Alakır Stream, draining to the Mediterranean in southern Anatolia, Turkey (Teleostei, Salmonidae)

The fishes of the upper basin of the Tigris River have been surveyed between June 2006 and November 2015. During this survey 40 fish species were determined belonging to 10 families (Cyprinidae, Nemacheilidae, Sisoridae, Siluridae, Heteropneustidae, Bagridae, Salmonidae, Mugilidae, Poeciliidae, Mastacembelidae). One species was not fully identified and currently reported as Squalius sp. Oxynoemacheilus kurdistanicus and O. chomanicus are new records for Turkish inland waters.

/pdf/the-latest-status-and-distribution-of-fishes-in-upper-tigris-2g1rfyi13p.pdf

The Latest Status and Distribution of Fishes in Upper Tigris River and Two New Records for Turkish Freshwaters

Alburnoides manyasensis, sp. n., is described from the Koca Stream (Lake Manyas drainage, Marmara Sea basin) in Anatolia. It is distinguished from all species of Alburnoides in Turkey and adjacent regions, Alburnoides tzanevi (Rezovska [Rezve], Istranca and Terkos streams in the western Black Sea drainage), Alburnoides cf. smyrnae (Banaz Stream, a drainage of Buyuk Menderes River, Aegean Sea basin), Alburnoides fasciatus (streams and rivers in the eastern Black Sea drainage) and Alburnoides eichwaldii (Kura and Aras rivers [a drainage of Kura River], Caspian Sea basin) by a combination of the following characters (none unique to the species):marked hump at nape, especially in specimens larger than 60 mm SL; partly developed ventral keel between pelvic fin and anal fin, scaleless 1/2 to 2/3 its length; body depth at dorsal-fin origin 29-32% SL; caudal peduncle depth 11-12% SL; 45-52+ 2-3 lateral-line scales; 9-12 scale rows between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin; 4-5 scale rows between lateral line and anal-fin origin, 10½-12½ branched anal-fin rays; 40-42 total vertebrae.

/pdf/alburnoides-manyasensis-actinopterygii-cyprinidae-a-new-17stwg426m.pdf

Alburnoides manyasensis (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae), a new species of cyprinid fish from Manyas Lake basin, Turkey

Squalius kottelati, new species, is described from the Orontes, Ceyhan and Seyhan rivers in Turkey. It belongs to the S. lepidus group, characterized by a projecting lower jaw. It is distinguished from the other species of the genus Squalius in Turkey and adjacent basins by having a conspicuous broad, dark stripe on the upper part of the flank, from the head to the end of the caudal peduncle (vs. absent or very faintly marked, except S. lepidus). It differs from S. lepidus by having a longer head (28.3–30.9, vs. 25.3–27.3 % SL), fewer lateral-line scales (45–47, vs. 48–49) and fewer gill rakers on the first gill arch (9–10, vs. 11–13). It differs from S. anatolicus by having more scales in the lateral line (45–47,mode 46 vs. 43–45, mode 44); a longer caudal fin (length of upper lobe 20.3–22.5, vs. 15.8–19.0 % SL).

Squalius kottelati, a new cyprinid species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Orontes River, Turkey

Oxynoemacheilus cemali sp. nov. is described from the Coruh River drainage in the eastern Black Sea basin. One molecular marker (coI), 25 morphometric and four meristic characters were analysed. Oxynoemacheilus cemali is distinguished from O. kosswigi, O. banarescui, O. samanticus and O. angorae in the Black Sea basin by having a suborbital groove in males, an axillary lobe at the pelvic-fin base, no dorsal adipose crest on the caudal peduncle, a slightly-forked caudal fin and 7-15 dark grey dorsal saddles. Morever, Oxynoemacheilus cemali is distinguished by commonly having 9-15 irregularly-shaped dark-grey bars on the flank posterior to the dorsal-fin origin or, rarely having a mottled pattern or 4-6 irregularly shaped dark-grey bars on the flank posterior to the dorsal-fin origin. Oxynoemacheilus cemali is also distinguished from the closely related species O. araxensis and O. cyri, distributed outside the Black Sea basin, by having 15 and 31 diagnostic nucleotide substitutions in the coI barcode region, respectively.

Cüneyt Kaya

Papers

Salmo kottelati, a new species of trout from Alakır Stream, draining to the Mediterranean in southern Anatolia, Turkey (Teleostei, Salmonidae)

The Latest Status and Distribution of Fishes in Upper Tigris River and Two New Records for Turkish Freshwaters

Alburnoides manyasensis (Actinopterygii, Cyprinidae), a new species of cyprinid fish from Manyas Lake basin, Turkey

Squalius kottelati, a new cyprinid species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Orontes River, Turkey

Oxynoemacheilus cemali, a new species of stone loach (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from the Çoruh River drainage, Turkey.