An integrated and comprehensive theory of PWM. The selection of the best algorithm for optimum pulse width modulation is an important process that can result in improved converter efficiency, better load (motor) efficiency, and reduced electromagnetic interference. However, the identification of the best approach is a complex process requiring extensive mathematical manipulation.

Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principles and Practice

This paper presents a technology review of voltage-source-converter topologies for industrial medium-voltage drives. In this highly active area, different converter topologies and circuits have found their application in the market. This paper covers the high-power voltage-source inverter and the most used multilevel-inverter topologies, including the neutral-point-clamped, cascaded H-bridge, and flying-capacitor converters. This paper presents the operating principle of each topology and a review of the most relevant modulation methods, focused mainly on those used by industry. In addition, the latest advances and future trends of the technology are discussed. It is concluded that the topology and modulation-method selection are closely related to each particular application, leaving a space on the market for all the different solutions, depending on their unique features and limitations like power or voltage level, dynamic performance, reliability, costs, and other technical specifications.

Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives

This chapter gives a description and overview of power electronic technologies including a description of the fundamental systems that are the building blocks of power electronic systems. Technologies that are described include: power semiconductor switching devices, converter circuits that process energy from one DC level to another DC level, converters that produce variable frequency from DC sources, principles of rectifying AC input voltage in uncontrolled DC output voltage and their extension to controlled rectifiers, converters that convert to AC from DC (inverters) or from AC with fixed or variable output frequency (AC controllers, DC–DC–AC converters, matrix converters, or cycloconverters). The chapter also covers control of power converters with focus on pulse width modulation (PWM) control techniques.

https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9781447151036-c2.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-1404710-p175009438

Fundamentals of Power Electronics

This paper gives an overview of medium-voltage (MV) multilevel converters with a focus on achieving minimum harmonic distortion and high efficiency at low switching frequency operation. Increasing the power rating by minimizing switching frequency while still maintaining reasonable power quality is an important requirement and a persistent challenge for the industry. Existing solutions are discussed and analyzed based on their topologies, limitations, and control techniques. As a preferred option for future research and application, an inverter configuration based on three-level building blocks to generate five-level voltage waveforms is suggested. This paper shows that such an inverter may be operated at a very low switching frequency to achieve minimum on-state and dynamic device losses for highly efficient MV drive applications while maintaining low harmonic distortion.

Medium-Voltage Multilevel Converters—State of the Art, Challenges, and Requirements in Industrial Applications

Multilevel converters are considered today as the state-of-the-art power-conversion systems for high-power and power-quality demanding applications. This paper presents a tutorial on this technology, covering the operating principle and the different power circuit topologies, modulation methods, technical issues and industry applications. Special attention is given to established technology already found in industry with more in-depth and self-contained information, while recent advances and state-of-the-art contributions are addressed with useful references. This paper serves as an introduction to the subject for the not-familiarized reader, as well as an update or reference for academics and practicing engineers working in the field of industrial and power electronics.

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Multilevel Converters: An Enabling Technology for High-Power Applications

Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters

This chapter contains sections titled: PWM of Cascaded Single-Phase H-Bridges Overmodulation of Cascaded H-Bridges PWM Alternatives for Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverters Three-Level Naturally Sampled PD PWM Three-Level Naturally Sampled APOD or POD PWM Overmodulation of Three-Level Inverters Five-Level PWM for Diode-Clamped Inverters PWM of Higher Level Inverters Equivalent PD PWM for Cascaded Inverters Hybrid Multilevel Inverter Equivalent PD PWM for a Hybrid Inverter Third-Harmonic Injection for Multilevel Inverters Operation of a Multilevel Inverter with a Variable Modulation Index Summary This chapter contains sections titled: References 
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CarrierBased PWM of Multilevel Inverters

This chapter contains sections titled: Topology of a Three-Phase Inverter(VSI) Three-Phase Modulation with Sinusoidal References Third-Harmonic Reference Injection Analytic Calculation of Harmonic Losses Discontinuous Modulation Strategies Triplen Carrier Ratios and Subharmonics Summary This chapter contains sections titled: References

Modulation of ThreePhase Voltage Source Inverters

This chapter contains sections titled: Fundamental Concepts of PWM Evaluation of PWM Schemes Double Fourier Integral Analysis of a Two-Level Pulse Width-Modulated Waveform Naturally Sampled Pulse Width Modulation PWM Analysis by Duty Cycle Variation Regular Sampled Pulse Width Modulation ��Direct�� Modulation Integer versus Non-Integer Frequency Ratios Review of PWM Variations Summary This chapter contains sections titled: References 
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D. Grahame Holmes

Papers

Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters: Principles and Practice

Pulse Width Modulation for Power Converters

CarrierBased PWM of Multilevel Inverters

Modulation of ThreePhase Voltage Source Inverters

Modulation of One Inverter Phase Leg