https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification

Biodiesel fuel production by transesterification of oils.

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

Control of soil-borne plant pests using glucosinolate-containing plants

Although vegetable oil cannot yet be recommended as a fuel for general use, considerable progress in recovery and use of rapeseed oil (Brassica napus L.) for diesel operation has been made. Operation of a small-scale screwpress plant (40 kg/hr) was demonstrated. Maintenance of screw and end rings was a major problem. The plant has operated with a recovery efficiency of 77% and has processed 10,100 kg of seed in 230 hr. High viscosity of the rapeseed oil and its tendency to polymerize within the cylinder were major chemical and physical problems encountered. Attempts to reduce the viscosity of the vegetable oil by preheating the fuel were not successful in sufficiently increasing the temperature of the fuel at the injector to be of value. Short-term engine performance with vegetable oils as a fuel in any proportion show power output and fuel consumption to be equivalent to the diesel-fueled engines. Severe engine damage occurred in a very short time period in tests of maximum power with varying engine rpm. Additional torque tests with all blends need to be conducted. A blend of 70/30 winter rape and No. 1 diesel has been used successfully to power a small single-cylinder diesel engine for 850 hr. No adverse wear, effect on lubricating oil or effect on power output were noted.

Winter rape oil fuel for diesel engines: Recovery and utilization

A total of 1116 accessions of cultivatedBrassica spp. from four collections were evaluated for fatty acid composition to identify variants which would be useful in plant improvement programs. The accessions included lines ofB. campestris L.,B. napus L.,B. oleracea L. andB. carinata Braun obtained from the USDA collections at Ames, IA, Pullman, WA, and Geneva, NY, as well as the Centre for Genetic Resources-the Netherlands (CGN) at Wageningen, Netherlands. Fatty acid composition of each accession was determined by using gas chromatography. The range, mean, standard deviation and frequency distributions were calculated for the seven primary fatty acids found in the accessions from each collection.

D. L. Auld

Papers

Winter rape oil fuel for diesel engines: Recovery and utilization

Evaluation of fourBrassica germplasm collections for fatty acid composition

Production, processing, and utilization of rapeseed oil as a diesel fuel substitute.

Vegetable Oil as an Alternative Liquid Fuel for American Agriculture