Rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries.

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

Nano- and bulk-silicon-based insertion anodes for lithium-ion secondary cells

A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries

http://web.stanford.edu/group/cui_group/papers/Hui_Today_2012.pdf

Designing nanostructured Si anodes for high energy lithium ion batteries

Amorphous silicon as a possible anode material for Li-ion batteries

Crystalline SnO{sub 2} thin films have been investigated as possible negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. The films have been cycled electrochemically vs. lithium and shown reversible capacity as high as 500 mAh/g over more than 100 cycles. The substantial irreversibility during the first cycle can be explained by the formation of metallic tin and amorphous lithium oxide. This last phase probably plays an important role in allowing the thin-film electrode to contract and expand during the cycling process.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.1838201/pdf

Thin‐Film Crystalline SnO2‐Lithium Electrodes

Aluminum negative electrode in lithium ion batteries

Nanocrystalline SnO 2 thin films have been cycled electrochemically vs. a lithium electrode. They have shown a reversible capacity of about 400-500 mAh/g over more than 100 cycles. However, a capacity fade usually occurs after a few hundred cycles. A high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) investigation has shown the decomposition of SnO 2 crystallites into 10 to 50 nm wide tin grains during the first cycle as previously reported. An amorphous phase containing carbon and oxygen has also been detected in the cycled samples. Furthermore, the tin particles are surrounded by an amorphous 5 to 10 nm wide ring made of Sn and O. The size of the tin crystallites formed during the first cycle increases from 40 nm to an average value of 110 nm after 500 cycles. In addition, the structure of the amorphous compound made of Sn and O surrounding the tin particles changes after 500 cycles, suggesting that a beginning of crystallization has occurred. We assume that either particle expansion or the formation of this semicrystalline layer is responsible for the capacity fade observed in SnO 2 negative electrodes.

High‐Resolution Electron Microscopy Investigation of Capacity Fade in SnO2 Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/silicon nanocomposites obtained by a grafting technique using the diazonium chemistry are used to prepare silicon negative electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. The covalent bonding of the two compounds is obtained via mono- and multi-layers of phenyl bridges, leading to an ideal dispersion of MWCNTs and silicon nanoparticles that are bound together. The presence of MWCNTs close to silicon nanoparticles enhances the electronic pathway to the active material particles and probably helps to prevent silicon decrepitation upon repeated lithium insertion/extraction by improving the mechanical stability of the electrode at a nanoscale level. This effect results in the enhancement of cycling ability and capacity, which are demonstrated by comparing the nanocomposite electrode to a simple mixture of the two compounds. This technique can be applied to other carbon conductive additives together with silicon or other nanosized active compounds.

D. M. Schleich

Papers

Amorphous silicon as a possible anode material for Li-ion batteries

Thin‐Film Crystalline SnO2‐Lithium Electrodes

Aluminum negative electrode in lithium ion batteries

High‐Resolution Electron Microscopy Investigation of Capacity Fade in SnO2 Electrodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Chemical Coupling of Carbon Nanotubes and Silicon Nanoparticles for Improved Negative Electrode Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries