Effect of extraction conditions on total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of Carica papaya leaf aqueous extracts

Papaya (Carica papaya Linn) is commonly called as paw-paw and it belongs to the family Caricaceae. Papaya is commonly known for its food and nutritional values throughout the world. The properties of papaya fruit and other parts of the plant are also well known in traditional system of medicine. During the last few decades considerable progress has been achieved regarding the biological activity and medicinal application of papaya and now it is considered as valuable nutraceutical fruit plant. Papaya possess excellent medicinal properties for treatment of different ailments. The different parts of the Carica papaya plant including leaves, seeds, latex and fruit exhibited to have medicinal value. The stem, leaf and fruit of papaya contain plenty of latex. The latex from unripe papaya fruit contain enzymes papain and chymopapain. This review focuses on different properties of papaya as a multi-faceted plant.

https://www.florajournal.com/vol2issue5/jan2015/2-4-12.1.pdf

Carica papaya Linn: an overview.

While Boolean logic has been the backbone of digital information processing, there exist classes of computationally hard problems wherein this paradigm is fundamentally inefficient. Vertex coloring of graphs, belonging to the class of combinatorial optimization, represents one such problem. It is well studied for its applications in data sciences, life sciences, social sciences and technology, and hence, motivates alternate, more efficient non-Boolean pathways towards its solution. Here we demonstrate a coupled relaxation oscillator based dynamical system that exploits insulator-metal transition in Vanadium Dioxide (VO2) to efficiently solve vertex coloring of graphs. Pairwise coupled VO2 oscillator circuits have been analyzed before for basic computing operations, but using complex networks of VO2 oscillators, or any other oscillators, for more complex tasks have been challenging in theory as well as in experiments. The proposed VO2 oscillator network harnesses the natural analogue between optimization problems and energy minimization processes in highly parallel, interconnected dynamical systems to approximate optimal coloring of graphs. We further indicate a fundamental connection between spectral properties of linear dynamical systems and spectral algorithms for graph coloring. Our work not only elucidates a physics-based computing approach but also presents tantalizing opportunities for building customized analog co-processors for solving hard problems efficiently.

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Vertex coloring of graphs via phase dynamics of coupled oscillatory networks.

Continuing our work on the sources of natural bioactive compounds, we evaluated the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Nepeta trachonitica as well as its major phenolic content using the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) technique. For antioxidant activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods were performed to measure the reducing power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was employed to evaluate the radical scavenging activity of the sample. For antimicrobial activity, three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative microbial species as well as three fungi species were tested. N. trachonitica appeared to have reasonable antioxidant activity and decent antimicrobial activity as indicated by the inhibition of the organisms' growth. The most susceptible species were Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 among the organisms tested. Ethanol extract of the plant has the highest effect on Saccharomyces cerevisiae but no effect on Yarrowia lipolytica. The HPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that at least 11 major phenolic compounds of N. trachonitica exist, the major ones being rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid and quinic acid. The obtained results suggest that N. trachonitica could be a promising source for food and nutraceutical industries because of its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and phenolic compounds.

https://www.mdpi.com/2218-0532/85/2/24/pdf

Assessment of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Nepeta trachonitica: Analysis of Its Phenolic Compounds Using HPLC-MS/MS

The threat posed by drug-resistant pathogens has resulted in the increasing momentum in research and development for effective alternative medications. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phytochemical extracts makes them attractive alternative complementary medicines. Therefore, this study evaluated the phytochemical constituents of Melaleuca cajuputi flower and leaf (GF and GL, respectively) extracts and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Radical scavenging capacity of the extracts was estimated using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and Fe2+-chelating activity. Total antioxidant activity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power assay. Well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration assays were used to determine antibacterial activity against eight pathogens, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pasteurella multocida. We identified and quantified the phytochemical constituents in methanol extracts using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and gas chromatography (GC)/MS. This study reports the antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of M. cajuputi methanolic extracts. The GF extract showed better efficacy than that of the GL extract. The total phenolic contents were higher in the flower extract than they were in the leaf extract (0.55 ± 0.05 and 0.37 ± 0.05 gallic acid equivalent per mg extract dry weight, respectively). As expected, the percentage radical inhibition by GF was higher than that by the GL extract (81 and 75 %, respectively). A similar trend was observed in Fe2+-chelating activity and β-carotene bleaching tests. The antibacterial assay of the extracts revealed no inhibition zones with the Gram-negative bacteria tested. However, the extracts demonstrated activity against B. cereus, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis. In this study, we found that M. cajuputi extracts possess antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The results revealed that both extracts had significant antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activity. Both extracts had antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and B. cereus. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities could be attributed to high flavonoid and phenolic contents identified using GC/MS and LC/MS. Therefore, M. cajuputi could be an excellent source for natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents for medical and nutraceutical applications.

/pdf/antioxidant-antibacterial-activity-and-phytochemical-2ga70u0cxs.pdf

Antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and phytochemical characterization of Melaleuca cajuputi extract

Antioxidant activities and phenolics profiling of different parts of Carica papaya by LCMS-MS

Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies on Carica papaya Linn. leaves.

Thiazolidin-4-one derivatives have been hailed as “wonder nucleus” due to their profound biological activities. A number of derivatives with variable functional groups attached to the five-membered heterocyclic ring which have been synthesized and further subjected to molecular docking studies, against C-KIT Tyrosine kinase target protein (1T46). The interactions, binding and affinity variations due to differences in functional groups have been studied using ChemDraw Ultra 7.0, RCSB – Protein Data Bank, BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer 2021, MGL AutoDock Tools, AutoDock Vina and Vina Split software. The docking studies showed good interaction of the synthesized molecules with the 1T46 target protein. The ADME studies of these molecules have also been studied to identify which of the synthesized molecules have the potential to cross the Human Intestinal lining (HIA), as well as the BBB barrier. Out of the 18 molecules studied, 12 of them showed good potential to be absorbed by the intestine out of which only one molecule was able to show potential to cross the BBB barrier. There were 4 molecules that could not cross both the barrier. These studies could reveal which functionalities present attached to the thiazolidin-4-one could assist in human intestinal absorption and the crossing of the BBB barrier.

D. Mammen

Papers

Antioxidant activities and phenolics profiling of different parts of Carica papaya by LCMS-MS

Pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical studies on Carica papaya Linn. leaves.

In silico molecular docking against C-KIT Tyrosine Kinase and ADME studies of 3-Ethyl-2-(2,3,4-trifluoro-phenylimino)-thiazolidin-4-one derivatives