Global increase in the population and degradation of environment possess a challenge to crop production worldwide and it is a need of hour to find solutions for abiotic stress, pests, and pathogens. Eco-friendly approach of management by using biopesticides is an alternative against synthetic chemicals. Biopesticides means biological method of control by entanglement and maneuvering of living organisms. Biopesticides comprises microbial pesticides, biochemical pesticides, and plant-incorporated protectants (PIPs). Microbial biopesticides are the products obtained from microorganisms which are beneficial and can be applied against plant diseases and insect pests responsible to cause damage to agricultural crops year after year. Microbial pesticides can play an important role for crop protection in the agricultural-based economy of the world. It is crucial now to popularize the use of these microbial biopesticides among the farmers worldwide. Entomopathogenic bacteria consist of Bacillaceae, Burkholderia, Chromobacterium, Pseudomonas, Saccharopolyspora, Serratia, Streptomyces, and Yersinia species, whereas fungi include various strains of Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Hirsutella, Isaria, Lecanicillium, Paecilomyces and Verticillium species. Baculoviruses (insect pathogenic viruses) are species-specific and active against chewing and biting insects, primarily against Lepidopteran caterpillars. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) include two genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis showing mutualistic symbiotic association with bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus. Biopesticides sources easily exist in nature, are naturally biodegradable, show different modes of action, less expensive, and possess less toxicity to living organisms.

Microbial biopesticides: Current status and advancement for sustainable agriculture and environment

Insect-fungal-interactions: A detailed review on entomopathogenic fungi pathogenicity to combat insect pests

Entomopathogenic fungi in Southeast Asia and Africa and their possible adoption in biological control

In this chapter we present an overview of the use of molecular techniques applied to beneficial microorganisms as biotechnological tools for the control of pathogens and pests of agricultural plants. The content of the chapter addresses issues such as: agricultural pests, diversity of pests that affect economically important media: viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodos, protozoa, mites, and insects. The biological methods are based in use the natural enemies. On the other hand, we the use of the biological control method to reduce pests in agriculture, the study of different natural enemies and attacks against pests such as bacteria, fungi and nematodes. Respect to the molecular techniques chapter also highlights techniques such as: RACE-PCR, RT-PCR, cloning of genes, nested PCR and qPCR or Real-time PCR. The omics products show great efficacy in the detection of the metabolome and the expressome of several biological control agents, such as Trichoderma spp. and other microoganisms.

Using molecular techniques applied to beneficial microorganisms as biotechnological tools for controlling agricultural plant pathogens and pest

Cultural heritage makes the foundation of any nation. Culture includes melodies, music, dance, theater, people conventions, performing expressions, ceremonies and customs, compositions, and artworks. Painting is a significant sort of art. Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color, or other medium to a solid surface. Paintings are made on different kinds of supports like paper, pastel, parchment, canvas, walls, and roofs of monuments. Paintings on canvas need canvas as support, a preparatory layer of vegetal or animal glues, a paint layer that includes the pigment and its binder (most commonly used is linseed oil), and finally a layer of varnish to protect the pigment layer. Different layers are composed of many organic and inorganic compounds. Biodeterioration is the alteration of organic and inorganic materials induced by the metabolic activity and growth of microorganisms. Paintings on canvas are prone to biodeterioration. Biodeteriogens secrete an array of aggressive metabolic products, viz., organic and inorganic acids, as well as hydrolytic enzymes that degrade the substratum. Fungi and bacteria are the major causes of biodeterioration of canvas paintings. Some of the cellulolytic fungal genera that degrade the canvas support are reported to involve one or more species: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Myrothecium, Memnoniella, Neurospora, Alternaria, Penicillium, Scopulariopsis, S. Kumar Department of Botany, Shaheed Mangal Pandey Govt Girls PG College, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India Priyanka Department of Botany, Government Girls Degree College, Kharkhauda, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India U. Kumar (*) Department of Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 A. N. Yadav et al. (eds.), Microbial Biotechnology Approaches to Monuments of Cultural Heritage, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3401-0_1 1 Stachybotrys, Chaetomium, and Stemphylium. On the other hand, bacteria include genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus. Genera like Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Agrococcus, Janibacter, Rhodococcus, and Stenotrophomonas are cultured and isolated on artificial media from the deteriorated canvas.

Microbial biotechnology approaches to monuments of cultural heritage

Insect pest management has been dominated by the use of synthetic pesticides since its discovery. This has continued for decades until the publication of Rachel Carson’s ‘Silent spring’ in 1962, which awaken the world on dangers pose by the synthetic chemicals. Since then, the search for alternative pest control products, which is safe and effective, has been prioritized. This review was aimed at bringing to the fore the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) commercially available and the prospect of using them as an alternative to synthetic chemicals. It was reported that, more than 171 mycoinseticides have been produced with at least 12 species from the over 800 fungi species identified as pathogenic to insects. Most of these products were developed based on Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosoroseus propagules. They are currently available in countries of North and South America, Europe and Asia, with few in Africa and Middle East. Mycoinsecticdes have been found effective in controlling insect pests of economic importance in agriculture; however, the successful marketing and utilization of these products have been rather slow, largely due to; high cost, low production efficiency, low performance under challenging environmental conditions and lack of awareness, however, mycoinsectide is gradually becoming popular. Therefore, mycoinsecticides have the potentials to play a key role in integrated pest management (IPM) programme for effective and relatively safe insect pest management in field crops. To achieve this, vigorous research measures needs to be taken to improve on; their performance under challenging environmental conditions, the formulations that will increase persistence, longer shelf life and ease of application, pathogen virulence and spectrum of action.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue1/PartA/5-5-367-216.pdf

D Zakaria

Papers

A review on the use of entomopathogenic fungi in the management of insect pests of field crops