Surface modification of inorganic nanoparticles for development of organic–inorganic nanocomposites—A review

Background: Silver nanoparticles have proven to exert antiviral activity against HIV-1 at non-cytotoxic concentrations, but the mechanism underlying their HIV-inhibitory activity has not been not fully elucidated. In this study, silver nanoparticles are evaluated to elucidate their mode of antiviral action against HIV-1 using a panel of different in vitro assays. Results: Our data suggest that silver nanoparticles exert anti-HIV activity at an early stage of viral replication, most likely as a virucidal agent or as an inhibitor of viral entry. Silver nanoparticles bind to gp120 in a manner that prevents CD4-dependent virion binding, fusion, and infectivity, acting as an effective virucidal agent against cellfree virus (laboratory strains, clinical isolates, T and M tropic strains, and resistant strains) and cell-associated virus. Besides, silver nanoparticles inhibit post-entry stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. Conclusions: These properties make them a broad-spectrum agent not prone to inducing resistance that could be used preventively against a wide variety of circulating HIV-1 strains.

/pdf/mode-of-antiviral-action-of-silver-nanoparticles-against-hiv-8vjos43avl.pdf

Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1.

High intensity ultrasound can be used for the production of novel materials and provides an unusual route to known materials without bulk high temperatures, high pressures, or long reaction times. Several phenomena are responsible for sonochemistry and specifically the production or modification of nanomaterials during ultrasonic irradiation. The most notable effects are consequences of acoustic cavitation (the formation, growth, and implosive collapse of bubbles), and can be categorized as primary sonochemistry (gas-phase chemistry occurring inside collapsing bubbles), secondary sonochemistry (solution-phase chemistry occurring outside the bubbles), and physical modifications (caused by high-speed jets or shock waves derived from bubble collapse). This tutorial review provides examples of how the chemical and physical effects of high intensity ultrasound can be exploited for the preparation or modification of a wide range of nanostructured materials.

Sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials

Virus infections pose significant global health challenges, especially in view of the fact that the emergence of resistant viral strains and the adverse side effects associated with prolonged use continue to slow down the application of effective antiviral therapies. This makes imperative the need for the development of safe and potent alternatives to conventional antiviral drugs. In the present scenario, nanoscale materials have emerged as novel antiviral agents for the possibilities offered by their unique chemical and physical properties. Silver nanoparticles have mainly been studied for their antimicrobial potential against bacteria, but have also proven to be active against several types of viruses including human imunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and monkey pox virus. The use of metal nanoparticles provides an interesting opportunity for novel antiviral therapies. Since metals may attack a broad range of targets in the virus there is a lower possibility to develop resistance as compared to conventional antivirals. The present review focuses on the development of methods for the production of silver nanoparticles and on their use as antiviral therapeutics against pathogenic viruses.

/pdf/silver-nanoparticles-as-potential-antiviral-agents-1nfe3r83op.pdf

Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents

Silver, known in metallic form since antiquity, has very early been recognized by mankind for its antimicrobial properties, a phenomenon observed, for example, in the context of drinking water (a silver coin in a well), food (silver cutlery, water storage recipients), and medicine (silver skull plates, teeth). Silver compounds were also shown to be useful. For example, dilute solutions of silver nitrate served long, and still do in some countries, as antimicrobial ointment to be instilled into Published in \" \" which should be cited to refer to this work.

/pdf/nanobio-silver-its-interactions-with-peptides-and-bacteria-64opkdlezj.pdf

Nanobio Silver: Its Interactions with Peptides and Bacteria, and Its Uses in Medicine

Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by silver nanoparticles capped with mercaptoethane sulfonate.

The use of modified nanoparticles in interactions with biological targets is attracting rapidly increasing attention. In this Full Paper, the application of gold nanoparticles capped with mercaptoethanesulfonate (Au-MES NPs) as effective inhibitors of Herpes simplex virus type 1 infection based on their ability to mimic cell-surface-receptor heparan sulfate is described. Mechanistic studies reveal that Au-MES NPs interfere with viral attachment, entry, and cell-to-cell spread, thereby preventing subsequent viral infection in a multimodal manner. The ligand multiplicity achieved with carrier nanoparticles is crucial in generating polyvalent interactions with the virus at high specificity, strength, and efficiency. Such multivalent-nanoparticle-mediated inhibition is a promising approach for alternative antiviral therapy.

Inhibition of HSV-1 attachment, entry, and cell-to-cell spread by functionalized multivalent gold nanoparticles.

Surface-modified protein nanospheres as potential antiviral agents

The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising water-soluble sulfonate-protected nanoparticles, more particularly, pharmaceutical compositions comprising water-soluble sulfonate-protected silver or gold nanoparticles The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are useful in prevention or treatment of infections or conditions or disorders caused by microorganisms capable of binding to heparan sulfate, eg, herpes simplex viruses

Dana Baram-Pinto

Papers

Inhibition of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by silver nanoparticles capped with mercaptoethane sulfonate.

Inhibition of HSV-1 attachment, entry, and cell-to-cell spread by functionalized multivalent gold nanoparticles.

Surface-modified protein nanospheres as potential antiviral agents

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising water-soluble sulfonate-protected nanoparticles and uses thereof