物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

In 1974 an article appeared in Science magazine with the dry-sounding title “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” by a pair of psychologists who were not well known outside their discipline of decision theory. In it Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman introduced the world to Prospect Theory, which mapped out how humans actually behave when faced with decisions about gains and losses, in contrast to how economists assumed that people behave. Prospect Theory turned Economics on its head by demonstrating through a series of ingenious experiments that people are much more concerned with losses than they are with gains, and that framing a choice from one perspective or the other will result in decisions that are exactly the opposite of each other, even if the outcomes are monetarily the same. Prospect Theory led cognitive psychology in a new direction that began to uncover other human biases in thinking that are probably not learned but are part of our brain’s wiring.

Thinking fast and slow.

This article presents a number of ways in which ontologies-schematic descriptions of the contents of domain knowledge-can be constructed and can be used to improve the knowledge engineering process. The main message is that early in the knowledge engineering process an application-specific ontology should be constructed. To facilitate this, the article presents some principles for organizing a library of reusable ontological theories which can be configured into an application ontology. This application ontology is then exploited to organize the knowledge acquisition process and to support computational design. The process is illustrated with a knowledge engineering scenario in the domain of treating acute radiation syndrome.

Using explicit ontologies in KBS development

Probabilistic Horn abduction and Bayesian networks

Characterizing diagnoses and systems

n a The aim of this paper is at analyzing from various points of view the relationships betwee bduction and deduction. In particular, we consider a meta-level definition of abduction in l d terms of deduction, similar to various definitions proposed in the literature, and an object-leve efinition in which abductive conclusions are expressed as a logical consequence of the obser. T vations and of a simple transformation of the domain theory based on predicate completion he equivalence between the two definitions is proved for domain theories of considerable s expressive power. The object-level characterization we propose uses very simple forms of rea oning and the equivalence result allows us to make explicit some of the assumptions underly-

On the Relationship Between Abduction and Deduction

One of the problems of the recent approaches to problem solving based on deep knowledge is the lack of a formal treatment of incomplete knowledge. However, dealing with incomplete models is fundamental to many real-world domains. In this paper we propose a formal theory of causal diagnostic reasoning, dealing with different forms of incompleteness both in the general causal knowledge (missing or abstracted knowledge) and in the data describing a specific case under examination. Different forms of nonmonotonic reasoning (hypothetical and circumscriptive reasoning) are used in order to draw and confirm conclusions from incomplete knowledge. Multiple fault solutions are treated in a natural way and parsimony criteria arc used to rank alternative solutions.

/pdf/a-theory-of-diagnosis-for-incomplete-causal-models-3shivtm38e.pdf

A theory of diagnosis for incomplete causal models

Model-Based Diagnosis Meets Error Diagnosis in Logic Programs.

A spectrum of definitions for temporal model-based diagnosis

Fault management in Web services composed by individual services from multiple suppliers currently relies on a local analysis that does not span across individual services, thus limiting the effectiveness of recovery strategies. We propose to address this limitation of current standards for Web service composition by employing model-based diagnosis to enhance fault analysis. We propose to add diagnostic Web services to the set of Web services providing the overall service, acting as supervisors of their execution, by identifying anomalies and explaining them in terms of faults to be repaired. This approach poses the basis for the development of specialized recovery and compensation techniques aimed at addressing different problems, which could not be otherwise discriminated.

/pdf/enhancing-web-services-with-diagnostic-capabilities-96wikwu7f4.pdf

Daniele Theseider Dupré

Papers

On the Relationship Between Abduction and Deduction

A theory of diagnosis for incomplete causal models

Model-Based Diagnosis Meets Error Diagnosis in Logic Programs.

A spectrum of definitions for temporal model-based diagnosis

Enhancing Web services with diagnostic capabilities