This paper presents a review of living radical polymerization achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds [ZC(=S)SR] by a mechanism of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT). Since we first introduced the technique in 1998, the number of papers and patents on the RAFT process has increased exponentially as the technique has proved to be one of the most versatile for the provision of polymers of well defined architecture. The factors influencing the effectiveness of RAFT agents and outcome of RAFT polymerization are detailed. With this insight, guidelines are presented on how to conduct RAFT and choose RAFT agents to achieve particular structures. A survey is provided of the current scope and applications of the RAFT process in the synthesis of well defined homo-, gradient, diblock, triblock, and star polymers, as well as more complex architectures including microgels and polymer brushes.

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Living radical polymerization by the RAFT process

This paper provides a third update to the review of reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) achieved with thiocarbonylthio compounds (ZC(=S)SR) by a mechanism of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) that was published in June 2005 (Aust. J. Chem. 2005, 58, 379). The first update was published in November 2006 (Aust. J. Chem. 2006, 59, 669) and the second in December 2009 (Aust. J. Chem. 2009, 62, 1402). This review cites over 700 publications that appeared during the period mid 2009 to early 2012 covering various aspects of RAFT polymerization which include reagent synthesis and properties, kinetics and mechanism of polymerization, novel polymer syntheses, and a diverse range of applications. This period has witnessed further significant developments, particularly in the areas of novel RAFT agents, techniques for end-group transformation, the production of micro/nanoparticles and modified surfaces, and biopolymer conjugates both for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

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Living Radical Polymerization by the RAFT Process - A Second Update

Tetrathiafulvalenes, oligoacenenes, and their buckminsterfullerene derivatives: the brick and mortar of organic electronics.

Radical addition-fragmentation chemistry in polymer synthesis

Among the living radical polymerization techniques, reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) and macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) polymerizations appear to be the most versatile processes in terms of the reaction conditions, the variety of monomers for which polymerization can be controlled, tolerance to functionalities, and the range of polymeric architectures that can be produced. This review highlights the progress made in RAFT/MADIX polymerization since the first report in 1998. It addresses, in turn, the mechanism and kinetics of the process, examines the various components of the system, including the synthesis paths of the thiocarbonyl-thio compounds used as chain-transfer agents, and the conditions of polymerization, and gives an account of the wide range of monomers that have been successfully polymerized to date, as well as the various polymeric architectures that have been produced. In the last section, this review describes the future challenges that the process will face and shows its opening to a wider scientific community as a synthetic tool for the production of functional macromolecules and materials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43:5347–5393, 2005

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pola.20986

Macromolecular design via réversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/Xanthates (MADIX) polymerization

Electron beam irradiated textile cellulose fibres.: ESR studies and derivatisation with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)

Benzyl (diethoxyphosphoryl)dithioformate (1) and benzyl (diethoxythiophosphoryl)dithioformate (2) were studied as RAFT agents in the polymerization of styrene. The reactive intermediates involved in the process were identified by electron spin resonance spectroscopy as the species deriving from the addition of the polymer propagating radical to the chain transfer agent, in agreement with the RAFT mechanism. Both thermally and AIBN-initiated RAFT styrene polymerizations were performed at different temperatures. In general, the molar mass increased with time as expected for a controlled polymerization process. The molar mass distribution also progressively increased. Inefficient control of the molar mass distribution appears to be related to the rate of radical formation, which is not sufficiently fast compared to the overall monomer conversion, as well as to the rate of bond dissociation and re-formation with respect to the propagation rate. As a result, both 1 and 2 behave as RAFT agents but, at relativel...

Controlled Radical Polymerization of Styrene with Phosphoryl- and (Thiophosphoryl)dithioformates as RAFT Agents

Conformational studies by dynamic NMR. 7. Stereochemical processes in 2,3-dimethylbutane

On mesure par des techniques de photolyse eclair laser les constantes de vitesse absolue des reactions de radicaux t-butoxyles avec des aldehydes organiques. Parametres d'Arrhenius. Les effets polaires sont tres importants pour determiner la reactivite des aldehydes vis-a-vis des radicaux t-butoxyles

Absolute rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from aldehydes and conformational studies of the corresponding aromatic acyl radicals

The rates for the prototropic shift of the NH hydrogen in the two isomeric triazoles [(1)= 1,2,4- and (2)= 1,2,3-triazole] have been measured at low temperature by 1H n.m.r. (100 and 300 MHz). Only the less symmetric (cs) of the two possible annular tautomers was found to be populated in the case of (1), whereas both (cs and c2v) were detected in (2). The relative proportions in the latter compound are dramatically dependent on temperature, concentration, and solvent. In either triazoles the kinetic process appears to be intramolecular and the mechanism corresponds to a 1,2 prototropic shift. The parameters of activation yielded similar ΔH‡(5.8 and 6.5 kcal mol–1) and quite negative ΔS‡(–29 and –19 cal mol–1 K–1) values, thus indicating a relatively low probability of attaining the ordered (three-membered) cyclic transition state.

Conformational studies by dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Part 27. Kinetics and mechanism of annular tautomerism in isomeric triazoles

Dante Macciantelli

Papers

Electron beam irradiated textile cellulose fibres.: ESR studies and derivatisation with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)

Controlled Radical Polymerization of Styrene with Phosphoryl- and (Thiophosphoryl)dithioformates as RAFT Agents

Conformational studies by dynamic NMR. 7. Stereochemical processes in 2,3-dimethylbutane

Absolute rate constants for hydrogen abstraction from aldehydes and conformational studies of the corresponding aromatic acyl radicals

Conformational studies by dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Part 27. Kinetics and mechanism of annular tautomerism in isomeric triazoles