Meta-analytic procedures for social research

Background Influenza vaccine hesitancy is a significant threat to global efforts to reduce the burden of seasonal and pandemic influenza. Potential barriers of influenza vaccination need to be identified to inform interventions to raise awareness, influenza vaccine acceptance and uptake. Objective This review aims to (1) identify relevant studies and extract individual barriers of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccination for risk groups and the general public; and (2) map knowledge gaps in understanding influenza vaccine hesitancy to derive directions for further research and inform interventions in this area. Methods Thirteen databases covering the areas of Medicine, Bioscience, Psychology, Sociology and Public Health were searched for peer-reviewed articles published between the years 2005 and 2016. Following the PRISMA approach, 470 articles were selected and analyzed for significant barriers to influenza vaccine uptake or intention. The barriers for different risk groups and flu types were clustered according to a conceptual framework based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and discussed using the 4C model of reasons for non-vaccination. Results Most studies were conducted in the American and European region. Health care personnel (HCP) and the general public were the most studied populations, while parental decisions for children at high risk were under-represented. This study also identifies understudied concepts. A lack of confidence, inconvenience, calculation and complacency were identified to different extents as barriers to influenza vaccine uptake in risk groups. Conclusion Many different psychological, contextual, sociodemographic and physical barriers that are specific to certain risk groups were identified. While most sociodemographic and physical variables may be significantly related to influenza vaccine hesitancy, they cannot be used to explain its emergence or intensity. Psychological determinants were meaningfully related to uptake and should therefore be measured in a valid and comparable way. A compendium of measurements for future use is suggested as supporting information.

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Barriers of Influenza Vaccination Intention and Behavior – A Systematic Review of Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy, 2005 – 2016

Automatic processes require few attentional resources, but effortful processes use attentional capacity. Research on cognitive processing by depressed individuals is reviewed and the following is concluded: (a) Depression interferes with effortful processing. The degree of interference is determined by the degree of effortfulness of the task, the severity of depression, and the valence of the stimulus material to be processed. (b) Depression interferes only minimally with automatic processes. Hypothetical causal mechanisms for interference in effortful processes by depression, whether interference in effortful processing is unique to depression or characteristic of psychopathology in general, and whether negative automatic thoughts are associated with current depression or depression proneness are also addressed. The effortful-automatic perspective has implications for understanding depressive clinical features, treating depression, and conducting future research.

Automatic and effortful processing in depression.

The Nature of Prejudice

The adoption of cleaner vehicles in the UK: exploring the consumer attitude–action gap

Tripling use of electronic cigarettes among New Zealand adolescents between 2012 and 2014.

An exploration of the perceptions of the average driver's speed compared to perceived driver safety and driving skill.

This study measures pedestrian walking speeds in New Zealand to estimate the influences on mean walking speeds as these concern urban planning and pedestrian facility design. Research was conducted using field observations of walking speeds under different conditions: gradient and urban/rural townships. The data show complex interrelationships between environment, personal characteristics of pedestrian and physical factors. Mean walking speeds between 80-95 m/min are observed. These results do not support the idea that walking speeds are indicative of pace of life. Rather, walking speeds are proposed as being an indicator of the environment's 'walkability', as a walking speed that closely reflects that of the mean population is a key indicator of the successful design of pedestrian facilities.

Field observations to determine the influence of population size, location and individual factors on pedestrian walking speeds.

A sample of 1006 professional truck drivers were surveyed on their perceptions of self and average other speeds, consideration, relative safety, and relative skill. A disproportionate frequency of responses is found in the measures of speed, safety, and consideration, but not skill. In the measures of speed and consideration this bias is found to operate in a negative direction. Truck drivers are found to evaluate other road users negatively, they do not demonstrate ‘self-enhancement’ indicative of driver overconfidence. Drivers responsible for the biases are isolated from the sample using a method of triangulation. Background factors relating to driver characteristics and employment conditions are examined. Characteristics of the drivers’ employment indicate the perceptions are related to factors external to the drivers’ self-conceptions. These contrasts provide further support for the contention that the ‘self-enhancement bias’, as it appears in this sample, operates as a negative-other rationalisation.

Darren Walton

Papers

Tripling use of electronic cigarettes among New Zealand adolescents between 2012 and 2014.

An exploration of the perceptions of the average driver's speed compared to perceived driver safety and driving skill.

Field observations to determine the influence of population size, location and individual factors on pedestrian walking speeds.

Examining the self-enhancement bias: professional truck drivers’ perceptions of speed, safety, skill and consideration

The relative influence of wind, sunlight and temperature on user comfort in urban outdoor spaces