The present cross-cultural study compared self-reported assertiveness in 652 Swedish and 654 Turkish high school students by using a multidimensional measure called the Scale for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB) Four hypotheses were tested in the study First, the hypothesis that Swedish adolescents would be more assertive than their Turkish counterparts was supported by the data Second, the expectation that Turkish boys would be more assertive than Turkish girls, while there would be no differences between Swedish girls and boys, was not confirmed In general, girls were found to be more skilled than boys in expressing and dealing with personal limitations Third, as expected, more assertive adolescents in both Sweden and Turkey reported having more friends and receiving more social support than their less assertive peers Finally, the data supported the expectation that older adolescents would be more assertive than younger ones The results are discussed in terms of cultural and gender differences

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Self‐reported assertiveness in Swedish and Turkish adolescents: A cross‐cultural comparison

This article presents a synthesis of research in the last two decades that has explored the relationship of gender to locus of control measures. In the main, this nsearch suggests that both males and females are becoming more external. Females, however, tend to be more external than males on most locus of control measures. There are also gender differences in perceptions of control across behavioral domains. Factor analyses of locus of control measures indicate that males and females are relatively similar in primary factors but may differ substantially in some secondary factors. Two areas in which males and females appear to differ are perception of control over interpersonal relationships and perception of control over essentially uncontrollable life events. Gender differences also emerge in how locus of control relates to comparison variables. Internality, for example, appears to be more related to achievement for maies than females and a better predictor of social adaptation for females than ...

Gender differences in the locus of control construct

4 – cross-cultural research with the locus of control construct

Perceptions of Self-Determination and Psychological Empowerment of Adolescents with Mental Retardation.

Although feminist thought increasingly infuses the study of organizational communication, much of the feminist literature to date has failed to engage the practices of women in actual organizations. This case study moves to address that neglect, using data gathered in an organization founded by and largely comprised of women. Specifically, the essay emphasizes the contribution of women as active agents who construct their work community, and it illuminates the ways in which women may participate in the devaluation of women. The first section articulates the feminist perspective that informs our analysis. After describing the organization in question, we explore the existence of a narrative of collective self‐awareness as a distinctly “female”; community. Although this narrative includes positive themes, members tell the tale of a divisiveness—a “cattiness"—that they perceive as a uniquely “female”; practice. We discuss the theoretical and pragmatic implications of this narrative of identity. As a...

“A woman's worst enemy”;: Reflections on a narrative of organizational life and female identity

This study attempts to determine whether variance unaccounted for in correlations between internal locus of control and academic achievement scores for 291 males and 272 females can be attributed to sex differences in locus of control. Males' and females' responses to the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control, using a modified format, were factor analyzed separately and compared. The results indicate similar factor structures for males and females, with significant differences obtained on 5 of 40 items. Implications for research are discussed.

Sex Differences in Research on Locus of Control

Summary.-This study compares the use of tests and a more conservative stepwise multiple regression analysis of sex differences of self-reported nssertion. Using this procedure, women reported being significantly more assertive than men on four of the five items of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, although over-all, men's scores showed men reported being more assertive. Different results of Hollandsworth and Wall (1977) and Rathus and Nevid (in press) were discussed in terms of sample and situational specificity. Still, this study showed no significant sex differences on 24 of 30 items. Although two erudite reviews (McFall & Marston, 1970; Rich & Schroeder, 1976) pinpoint four major problem areas (definition, identification of components of assertive behavior, assertiveness training, measurement and assessment of assertive behavior), few studies have raised a question about sex differences in assertiveness and the possible consequences of such differences. It is generally assumed that women are less assertive (using the definition cited in these review articles) than men (Block, 1973; Condry & Dyer, 1976), this is categorically bad (Friedan, 1963), and the consequences are not good for women (Oliver & Taylor, 1978). Hence, it is not surprising to find that female law students volunteered fewer answers in class than did male law students (Curtis, Zanna, & Campbell, 1975), that it was far more common for men to aspire to the professional careers when ability and talent are controlled (Ory & Helfr'ich, 1976), and that women who had shown leadership through achievement in the arts and sciences or by election to public office more strongly resembled men in their personality profiles in the same fields (Bachtold, 1976). Juxtaposed is the mammoth Maccoby and Jacklin study (1974) in which they summarize: "On the whole, recent observational work does not reveal any consistent tendency for one sex to be more timid than the other" (p. 184). No doubt demand characteristics of situations may account for some of these findings. Still, if there are differences in assertiveness associated with sexes,'research and training thrusts will then need to focus on different variables.

David A. Dugovics

Papers

Sex Differences in Research on Locus of Control

Sex differences in self-reported assertiveness