Showing papers in "Psychological Reports in 1978"
TL;DR: A 63-item questionnaire was constructed for the measurement of three primary personality traits; impulsiveness, venturesomeness, and empathy, and it was found that Venturesomeness and Impulsiveness correlated positively with Psychoticism and Extraversion, but while Venturesomenes correlated negatively with Neuroticism, Impulsivity correlated positivelyWith Neuroticist.
Abstract: A 63-item questionnaire was constructed for the measurement of three primary personality traits; impulsiveness, venturesomeness, and empathy. This questionnaire, together with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire which measures personality dimensions Psychoticism, Neuroticism, and Extraversion, was administered to 402 male and 787 female adult subjects. Factor analysis of the questionnaire resulted in three factors similar to those postulated, and made possible the construction of scales for their reliable measurement. These scales were then located in the three-dimensional space created by the three higher-order factors Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism, and it was found that Venturesomeness and Impulsiveness correlated positively with Psychoticism and Extraversion, but while Venturesomeness correlated negatively with Neuroticism, Impulsiveness correlated positively with Neuroticism. Empathy only correlated with Neuroticism (positively). The three primaries were largely independent of each oth...
928 citations
TL;DR: Two factor analytic studies were conducted on a revised long form and a short form of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, a self-report test of transitory activation or arousal states, which suggests two general bipolar activation dimensions.
Abstract: Two factor analytic studies were conducted on a revised long form and a short form of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, a self-report test of transitory activation or arousal states. Although previous research indicated that the check list is composed of four independent activation factors, the present research instead suggests two general bipolar activation dimensions. However, certain evidence indicates that the concept of four separate activation factors cannot be completely abandoned. A third study showed high measurement reliability on two kinds of estimates.
275 citations
TL;DR: Factor analysis of the measure for 593 college students indicates that the highest loading items on the single factor extracted are those relating to drinking rate, and the weekly amount of wine consumed has the lowest factor loading.
Abstract: This paper presents a questionnaire measure of alcohol use habits designed to separately assess consumption of wine, beer, and liquor, and drinking rate. Factor analysis of the measure for 593 coll...
185 citations
TL;DR: The correlation between self-esteem and depression for the total group was .55; the value for males was .53, foe females .56.
Abstract: 129 males and females enrolled in introductory educational psychology participated in the study to determine the relationship between self-esteem and depression in college students. Each subject wa...
180 citations
TL;DR: In this article, test-retest reliabilities, internal consistencies, and convergent test validities were examined for four measures of interpersonal behavior in handling conflict, and subjects were 86 graduate students.
Abstract: Test-retest reliabilities, internal consistencies, and convergent test validities were examined for four measures of interpersonal behavior in handling conflict. Subjects were 86 graduate students ...
162 citations
TL;DR: A scale measuring sex-role ideology was constructed, validated and cross-validated and the internal consistency of the scale was shown through item-total correlations and split-half reliability.
Abstract: Two studies are reported in which a scale measuring sex-role ideology was constructed, validated and cross-validated. Sex-role ideology was conceived as a system of sex-role beliefs forming a dimen...
155 citations
TL;DR: In an urban, technological society such as ours, closeness to animals can reduce alienation as discussed by the authors, and development over the life cycle can be favorably influenced by close association with an animal companion, particularly during middle childhood and old age.
Abstract: Man has had animal companions since prehistoric times, as reflected in folklore, legends, and literature. In an urban, technological society such as ours, closeness to animals can reduce alienation. Development over the life cycle can be favorably influenced by close association with an animal companion, particularly during middle childhood and old age. The development of empathy, self-esteem, self-control, and autonomy can be promoted in children through raising pets, while the loneliness of old age can be eased and deterioration warded off by nurturing an animal. Psychologists have not studied animal-human relationships to date, and such research is long overdue.
137 citations
TL;DR: This paper found only negligible differences between extreme scorers on level of creativity and extreme adaptors on a personality dimension and found that adaptors were adaptors and innovators were innovators.
Abstract: An earlier study posited contrasting styles of creativity, problem-solving, and decision-making on the level of a personality dimension (Kirton, 1976). Although it was possible to make a number of clear distinctions between adaptors and innovators, as those scoring at the extremes of the continuum were labelled, the theory explicitly denied that any differences should be found between these extreme scorers on level of creativity. The present study found only negligible differences.
125 citations
TL;DR: A paper-and-pencil measure of acculturation for Chicano adolescents was developed using multiple regression techniques and 924 Chicano and Anglo high school students in three Southern California co... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A paper-and-pencil measure of acculturation for Chicano adolescents was developed using multiple regression techniques and 924 Chicano and Anglo high school students in three Southern California co...
113 citations
TL;DR: Sexism and gayism scores were negatively correlated with father's and mother's education, and political orientation was also related to prejudice, with more bias found as one approaches the Conservative end of the spectrum.
Abstract: College undergraduates (211, female and male, mostly white) responded to a 7-point questionnaire with subscales on racial, sexual, and homosexual groups. Political orientation, religious membership and involvement, and parent's educational level were also obtained. All intercorrelations of the three scales were positive and significant (p < .001) and ranged from .44 to .69. Females were significantly lower than males in sexism but not in racism or gayism. Sexism and gayism scores were negatively correlated with father's and mother's education. All three forms of prejudice were higher for those professing more religious involvement; other typical patterns of bias among the three major U. S. religions were found. Political orientation was also related to prejudice, with more bias found as one approaches the Conservative end of the spectrum.
105 citations
TL;DR: This paper determined the effects of the ethnicity of speakers, as suggested in accents, on judgments of suitability for a job, and established the relationship between listenability and ethnicity in interviews.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the ethnicity of speakers, as suggested in accents, on judgments of suitability for a job, and to establish the relationship between listen...
TL;DR: In an exploratory study of the construct validity of Guglielmino's Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, 41 graduate students in education were administered the following criterion measures: Sounds and Images (Originality), Thinking Creatively About the Future (Fluency and Originality), Schaefer's Simile Test (originality), Templeton's Photoanalogies Test, Gershon and Guilford's Possible Jobs test, Khatena and Torrance's What Kind of Person Are You? and Something About Myself, and Torrence's Style of Learning
Abstract: In an exploratory study of the construct validity of Guglielmino's Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale, 41 graduate students in education were administered the following criterion measures: Sounds and Images (Originality), Thinking Creatively About the Future (Fluency and Originality), Schaefer's Simile Test (Originality), Templeton's Photoanalogies Test, Gershon and Guilford's Possible Jobs test, Khatena and Torrance's What Kind of Person Are You? and Something About Myself, and Torrance's Style of Learning and Thinking test, Product-moment coefficients of correlation between the total Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale scores and the criterion measures supported the construct validity of the Self-directed Learning Readiness Scale with statistically significant relationships for all three of the originality measures (rs = 52, 38, and 52), the measure of ability to produce analogies (r = 48), creative achievements and experiences (r = 71), and the right and left hemisphere styles of learning (
TL;DR: Using Raush, et al.'s (1974) method of studying interpersonal conflict through improvisation, it was found that persons in distant roles and experiencing jealousy used significantly more rejection and coercion than did subjects who experienced distance for nonjealous reasons.
Abstract: 80 steadily dating couples were assigned by sex to jealous or nonjealous role-playing conditions in which one partner was asked to assume a distancing role while the other was asked to overcome the
TL;DR: For example, this paper found that 93 male and 181 female adolescents (Grades 9 to 13) indicated that the amount of stress they experienced in their day-to-day living, their satisfaction with the help they received from, their mo...
Abstract: 93 male and 181 female adolescents (Grades 9 to 13) indicated (1) the amount of stress they experienced in their day-to-day living, (2) their satisfaction with the help they received from, their mo...
TL;DR: In terms of reported amount of study time and attitudes toward studying, experimental clients improved, whereas control clients did not, however, there were no significant differences among experimental subconditions.
Abstract: 56 college students who procrastinated in studying were given either behavioral self-control training or a nondirective, attention-placebo control procedure. Experimental clients were exposed to training in either stimulus control, self-reinforcement, or a combination of the two. Half of these clients used self-punishment; half did not. Half were trained individually and half in groups of four. In terms of reported amount of study time and attitudes toward studying, experimental clients improved, whereas control clients did not. However, there were no significant differences among experimental subconditions. Neither control nor experimental conditions resulted in any significant change in over-all grade point average.
TL;DR: In this article, 170 applicants being interviewed by representatives of 17 different industrial and academic agencies participated. Interviewers evaluated applicants on three dimensions: over-all general impression, over-general impression, and overall general impression.
Abstract: 170 applicants being interviewed by representatives of 17 different industrial and academic agencies participated. Interviewers evaluated applicants on three dimensions: over-all general impression...
TL;DR: This article found that females scored lower than males on the scales Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility, while males scored higher than females on all three scales.
Abstract: The Sensation Seeking Scale, Form IV, was administered to white and black, male and female college students (ns = 50; N = 200). Analyses showed that blacks scored significantly lower than whites on three subscales, General, Thrill and Adventure Seeking, and Boredom Susceptibility. Females scored lower than males on the scales Thrill and Adventure Seeking, Disinhibition, and Boredom Susceptibility. There were no interactions of race and sex.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Coopersmith Self-Esteasure Inventory (CoEste) was modified for adults and found to have a test-retest reliability of about.80 for 32 adult women over periods of 6 to 58 wk.
Abstract: A version of the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory, modified for use with adults, was found to have a test-retest reliability of about .80 for 32 adult women over periods of 6 to 58 wk. Correlation of the scores with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale for a group of 51 college students was .47. Use of the lie scale on the self-esteem scale to identify subjects whose self-reports are markedly influenced by a social desirability factor can reduce this correlation to .32.
TL;DR: In this article, a rating scale was employed to determine the extent to which subjects thought that a boy, girl, good friend, and teacher liked a fictitious boy or girl who was labeled either the best mathematics or reading student in the class.
Abstract: Fifth and sixth graders' evaluations of the social attractiveness of boys and girls who were described as highly successful in either mathematics or reading were explored. A rating scale was employed to determine the extent to which subjects thought that a boy, girl, good friend, and teacher liked a fictitious boy or girl who was labeled either the best mathematics or reading student in the class. Perceived likeability was significantly influenced by the interaction of academic area and sex of the character described as successful. Both sexes generally gave higher ratings to the boy who did well in mathematics and the girl who did well in reading. The acquisition and application of sex-related labels associated with mathematics and reading and the interpersonal consequences of such labeling are discussed as possible determinants of sex differences in achievement in these areas.
TL;DR: Using peer nominations, 65 physical scientists were classified as either creative and productive, productive but not creative, or non-creative and non-productive as mentioned in this paper, and each scientist was then interviewed to determine his information-receiving behaviors and attitudes.
Abstract: Using peer nominations, 65 physical scientists were classified as either creative and productive, productive but not creative, or non-creative and non-productive. Each scientist was then interviewed to determine his information-receiving behaviors and attitudes. Results indicate that creative scientists are distinguished from other scientists in their use of people as sources of information and that they receive information from a wider field' of disciplinary areas.
TL;DR: Investigating the effect of irritant air pollution upon human aggression, it was found that exposure to secondary cigarette smoke significantly increased aggression in both angered and nonangered subjects compared to their counterparts given clean air.
Abstract: Investigating the effect of irritant air pollution upon human aggression, it was found that exposure to secondary cigarette smoke significantly increased aggression in both angered and nonangered s...
TL;DR: An analysis of subgroups low and high in self-esteem produced support for a negative relationship between level of self- esteem and death anxiety.
Abstract: Self-esteem and death anxiety instruments were administered to a total of 383 undergraduates; black and white, males and females were included in the sample. Consistent with previous data, higher s...
TL;DR: This paper examined the relationship between personality fitness and academic achievement and found that the personality dimension of introversion had the highest correlation with academic performance for the university sample, especially for the students in the “hard sciences.”
Abstract: This study was undertaken to examine the relationship between “personality fitness” and academic achievement. 175 subjects from three educational levels, university, vocational technical institute, and high school, were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, the Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices, and an Information Questionnaire. The personality dimension of introversion had the highest correlation with academic performance for the university sample, especially for the students in the “hard sciences.” Raven's intelligence score was the best predictor for the? vocational technical institute sample. Personality dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism, as well as average number of study hours, added differently to the multiple regression equations for the various samples.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the psychological relationship between possession and control over the use of one's possessions, dealing both with decisiow regarding use and moral judgments about the sharing of personal possessions.
Abstract: Summlrry.-This study examined the psychological relationship between possession and control over the use of one's possessions. It deals both with decisiow regarding use and moral judgments about the sharing of personal possessions. It charts the various bases of such decisions and judgments at different age levels, providing a framework for further empirical work in this area. Interview questions were asked of 30 American subjects at each of five age levels (kindergarten, second grade, fifth grade, eleventh grade, and 40to 50-yr.-old adults). To explore the range of cross-cultural variability within the Western-industrialized world, 60 Israeli kibbutz and 60 Israeli city sub jects were also interviewed (in each case, 30 of kindergarten age and 30 of second grade age). A content analysis of the responses was performed, and the relative frequencies of different bases for (a) decisions about use and (b) moral judgments about sharing are presented for the different ages and in the different cultures studied. Particular attention is given to the relation of these results to previous experimental studies of sharing behavior.
TL;DR: In this paper, the derivation of the formula and its applicability to the statistical comparison of two correlations involving three variables in a single sample are briefly described and an error is corrected in a formula published earlier.
Abstract: An error is corrected in a formula published earlier (Humphreys, 1976). The derivation of the formula and its applicability to the statistical comparison of two correlations involving three variables in a single sample are briefly described.
TL;DR: Female rats housed in running-wheel activity cages and fed 1 hr daily ran significantly more than similarly housed and fed male rats, and among experimental activity rats, there were no sex differences with respect to the number or severity of ulcers.
Abstract: Female rats housed in running-wheel activity cages and fed 1 hr. daily ran significantly more than similarly housed and fed male rats. Male rats survived an average of 10 days, whereas mean surviva...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the effect of urban density on the percentage of people asking for help as a function of their urban density and found that the percentage decreased linearly as urban density increased.
Abstract: Helping behavior was studied as a function of urban density. Four requests for help (for the time, for directions, for change of a quarter, and for the person's name) were solicited in three areas differing in population density (downtown in the Canadian city of Toronto, in the suburbs of the same city, in a small town outside of that city). On each measure the percentage of helping behavior decreased linearly as urban density increased. Normative data from New York City were also compared and found very similar to those from downtown Toronto. An absence of sex differences in either giving or eliciting help was noted.
TL;DR: New Zealand children obtained higher Psychoticism scores than did English children; they also obtained lower Lie scores, and factor comparisons indicated a high degree of factor similarity for boys and girls.
Abstract: The recently published Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire contains scales to measure the personality dimensions of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism, as well as a Lie (dissimulation) factor. In view of the large volume of standardization data cross-cultural studies of personality structure are possible. The questionnaire was accordingly administered to a sample of New Zealand boys (N = 644) and girls (N = 672), aged from 7 to 15 yr., and the New Zealand data compared with the results reported in the manual for samples of English children. The pattern of correlations between scales was similar for both samples, the correlations tending to be quite low. The majority of items loaded on their respective factors, and these factors could be clearly identified with Eysenck's personality dimensions. Factor comparisons indicated a high degree of factor similarity for boys and girls. Internal consistency reliabilities were quite satisfactory for both sexes and closely resembled those reported in the...
TL;DR: 6 open-field measures, defecation, ambulation, urination, rearing, crossing, and freezing, are suggested to be reliable measures of behavior in the open- field test.
Abstract: 6 open-field measures, defecation, ambulation, urination, rearing, crossing, and freezing, were obtained. Subjects were tested twice. The first test was conducted when subjects were 105 days old an...
TL;DR: The intellectual pattern of the juveniles was similar to that of their adult counterparts and the over-all scores of the murderers were significantly lower than for status offenders.
Abstract: WISC data were obtained from 25 juvenile murderers and 39 juvenile status offenders. The intellectual pattern of the juveniles was similar to that of their adult counterparts. The over-all scores o...