There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

https://www.surfacesciencewestern.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ass11_biesinger.pdf

Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn

Foreign body reaction to biomaterials.

5.1. Detection Formats 475 5.2. Food Quality and Safety Analysis 477 5.2.1. Pathogens 477 5.2.2. Toxins 479 5.2.3. Veterinary Drugs 479 5.2.4. Vitamins 480 5.2.5. Hormones 480 5.2.6. Diagnostic Antibodies 480 5.2.7. Allergens 481 5.2.8. Proteins 481 5.2.9. Chemical Contaminants 481 5.3. Medical Diagnostics 481 5.3.1. Cancer Markers 481 5.3.2. Antibodies against Viral Pathogens 482 5.3.3. Drugs and Drug-Induced Antibodies 483 5.3.4. Hormones 483 5.3.5. Allergy Markers 483 5.3.6. Heart Attack Markers 484 5.3.7. Other Molecular Biomarkers 484 5.4. Environmental Monitoring 484 5.4.1. Pesticides 484 5.4.2. 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 485 5.4.3. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 485 5.4.4. Heavy Metals 485 5.4.5. Phenols 485 5.4.6. Polychlorinated Biphenyls 487 5.4.7. Dioxins 487 5.5. Summary 488 6. Conclusions 489 7. Abbreviations 489 8. Acknowledgment 489 9. References 489

Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors for Detection of Chemical and Biological Species

Biomedical surface science: Foundations to frontiers

The presence of two sulfur species was detected in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies of thiol and disulfide molecules adsorbed onto gold surfaces. These species are assigned to bound thiolate (S2p3/2 binding energy of 162 eV) and unbound thiol/disulfide (S2p3/2 binding energy from 163.5 to 164 eV). These assignments are consistent with XPS data obtained from different thiols (C12, C16, C18, and C22 alkane thiols, a fluorinated thiol, and a cyclic polysiloxane thiol) and different adsorption conditions (solvent type, thiol concentration, temperature, and rinsing). In particular, the use of a poor solvent for thiol adsorption solutions (e.g., ethanol for long chain alkanethiols) and the lack of a rinsing step both resulted in unbound thiol molecules present at the surface of the bound thiolate monolayer. This has implications for recent studies asserting the presence of multiple binding sites for gold−thiolate species in organic monolayers.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy sulfur 2p study of organic thiol and disulfide binding interactions with gold surfaces

XPS spectra of nine model polymers containing oxygen functional groups are studied. The measured O 1s binding energies were 532.8 eV for ether and alcohol oxgens, 532.2 eV for ketone oxygens and 532.2 and 533.7 eV for the carbonyl- and ether-type oxygens in ester groups, respectively. Comparison with previous experimental and theoretical O 1s binding energies for these groups is also presented. Absolute O Is binding energies of polymers are not in agreement with those published by other groups. However, with the exception of ketone oxygens, binding energy shifts observed for the various functional groups are comparable.

XPS O 1s binding energies for polymers containing hydroxyl, ether, ketone and ester groups

https://escholarship.org/content/qt86k7f4k5/qt86k7f4k5.pdf?t=p21nf7

Leed and thermal desorption studies of small molecules (h2, o2, co, co2, no, c2h4, c2h2 and c) chemisorbed on the stepped rhodium (755) and (331) surfaces

Characterization of the adsorbed protein film that forms upon implantation of a biomedical device is a long-standing interest in biomaterials research. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF−SIMS) is a powerful method for the characterization of adsorbed proteins on biomaterial surfaces due to its chemical specificity and surface sensitivity. However, the SIMS fragmentation patterns for proteins are quite complex due to the heterogeneity of the protein sequence. Therefore, the multivariate analysis technique principal components analysis (PCA) was used to obtain a more detailed interpretation of the protein SIMS spectra. This study utilizes single component adsorbed protein films on three model substrates and multivariate analysis of the ToF−SIMS data to determine the identity of protein films. Furthermore, ToF−SIMS and PCA were used to give insight into the composition of a 1% bovine plasma protein film. The single component spectra from 13 different proteins were readily distinguishable usi...

David G. Castner

Papers

Biomedical surface science: Foundations to frontiers

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy sulfur 2p study of organic thiol and disulfide binding interactions with gold surfaces

XPS O 1s binding energies for polymers containing hydroxyl, ether, ketone and ester groups

Leed and thermal desorption studies of small molecules (h2, o2, co, co2, no, c2h4, c2h2 and c) chemisorbed on the stepped rhodium (755) and (331) surfaces

Characterization of Adsorbed Protein Films by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry with Principal Component Analysis