European Union Risk Assessment Report

The chemical, microbiologic, and toxic characteristics of povidone-iodine solution, a commonly used antiseptic agent, are addressed in a collective review of relevant works published from 1956 to the present. Interactions of this agent with the thyroid gland and the kidneys and its toxicity at the cellular and systemic level are discussed.

Chemical and microbiologic characteristics and toxicity of povidone-iodine solutions.

Abstract Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are used in numerous fields. The new nano-based entities are being strongly generated and incorporated into everyday personal care products, cosmetics, medicines, drug delivery, and clothing to impact industrial and manufacturing sectors, which means that nanomaterials commercialization and nano-assisted device will continuously grow. They can be prepared by many methods such as green synthesis and the conventional chemical synthesis methods. Green synthesis includes infinite accession to produce MNPs and MONPs with demanding properties. The structure–function relationships between nanomaterials and key information for life cycle evaluation lead to the production of high execution nanoscale materials that are gentle and environmentally friendly. Majority of plants have features as sustainable and renewable suppliers compared with microbes and enzymes, as they have the ability to pick up almost 75% of the light energy and transform it into chemical energy, contain chemicals like antioxidants and sugars, and play fundamental roles in the manufacture of nanoparticles. Plants considered the main factory for the green synthesis of MNPs and MONPs, and until now, different plant species have been used to study this, but the determined conditions should be taken into consideration to execute this preparation. In this study, we focus on the biosynthesis procedures to synthesize MNPs and MONPs, including comparison between green synthesis and the classical chemistry methods as well as the several new orientation of green synthesis of nanoparticles from different plant parts, especially plant leaf extracts. Plants with reducing compounds is the preferred choice for the synthesis of noble metals – metal ions can be reduced to the corresponding metals in the absence of any other chemicals under microwave irradiation conditions using benign solvent, water. Noble metals such as gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd) and other metals such as copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni), which are characterized by their optical, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, and chemical properties, leading to different technological applications. Plants with numerous reducing agents are suitable candidates for the manufacture of noble MNPs. The main purpose of this research is to give a background on green nanotechnology prospective evolution, pertinent concerns appeared related to the green synthesis of metal and metal oxide from plant extracts, nanoparticle formation mechanism, and the importance of flavonoids, vitamin B2, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and phenolic compounds in the MNP and MONP production. The traditional sorghum beers are produced in many countries in Africa, but diversity in the production process may depend on the geographic localization. These beers are very rich in calories; B-group vitamins including thiamine, folic acid, riboflavin, and nicotinic acid; and essential amino acids such as lysine. However, the Western beers are more attractive than the traditional sorghum beers. The traditional sorghum beers have poor hygienic quality, organoleptic variations, and shorter shelf life compared with the Western beers. Many research studies on traditional sorghum beers have been carried out and documented in several African countries, especially the microbiological and biochemical properties, the technologies used in the manufacture processes, and synthetic characteristics of African traditional sorghum beers (ikigage, merissa, doro, dolo, pito, amgba, and tchoukoutou). The excellent resources for the production of greener biomaterials are plants and considerable advances have been achieved in many fields such as biotechnology and gene transfer. The manufactured biological nanomaterials have a great application in the pharmaceutical industry such as novel pharmaceuticals preparation, drug delivery personification procedures, and production of functional nanodevices.

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Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from plant leaf extracts and their applications: A review

Background/Objectives

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is known to have abuse potential, although debate regarding the toxic effects of such abuse continues. Our objective was to review the case literature and present the neurologic, psychiatric and medical consequences of N2O abuse.



Methods

A systematic literature review was completed for case reports using keywords “nitrous oxide” with “abuse/abusing” or “misuse/misusing” or “overuse/overusing” or “addiction.” Non-English-language cases and cases not involving direct toxic effects of N2O were excluded as were commentaries or personal essays. Clinical presentation, frequency of N2O abuse, laboratory studies, imaging, ancillary tests, treatments and outcomes were collected from case reports.



Results

Our review returned 335 Pubmed, 204 Web of Science, 73 PsycINFO, 6 CINAHL, 55 EMBASE and 0 Grey Literature results, and after exclusion and removal of duplicates, 91 individual cases across 77 publications were included. There were also 11 publications reporting 29 cases of death related to N2O abuse. The majority of cases (N = 72) reported neurologic sequelae including myeloneuropathy and subacute combined degeneration, commonly (N = 39) with neuroimaging changes. Psychiatric (N = 11) effects included psychosis while other medical effects (N = 8) included pneumomediastinum and frostbite. Across all cases N2O abuse was correlated with low or low-normal Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) levels (N = 52) and occasionally elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid.



Conclusions/Scientific Significance

N2O abuse represents a significant problem because of the difficulty involved with identification and the toxicity related to chronic abuse including possible death. Health professionals should be aware of the toxic effects of N2O and be able to identify potential N2O abuse. (Am J Addict 2016;XX:1–12)

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ajad.12372

Neurologic, psychiatric, and other medical manifestations of nitrous oxide abuse: A systematic review of the case literature.

https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/0003-9993(94)90117-1/pdf

Pressure ulcers: a review

Providone-iodine is used as a topical antimicrobial in burn patients. Although absorption of iodine has been thought to be negligible, several patients have recently been noted with substantial elevations of serum free iodide. Unexplained abnormalities occurred in several of these patients, renal failure, metabolic acidosis, and elevation of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. It is conceivable that the large iodide loads noted were at least in part responsible for these abnormalities.

Iodine absorption in burn patients treated topically with povidone-iodine

Case Report Increased serum iodide concentration from iodine absorption through wounds treated topically with povidone-iodine

The recreational use of nitrous oxide is widespread. Nitrous oxide for recreational use is usually obtained from anesthesia tanks or whipped-cream machine chargers or cans. Twenty previously described deaths associated with recreational nitrous-oxide use describe anesthesia tanks and whipped-cream machine dispensors as a source. Five deaths associated with nitrous oxide use are presented; two involving whipped-cream cannisters as the source, two involving anesthesia tanks, and one involving a racing fuel tank as a source of nitrous oxide. Autopsy findings in our cases were subtle or negative, but usually suggestive of asphyxia. Through a laboratory simulation, we have confirmed that nitrous oxide displaces oxygen in a closed space, which probably leads to asphyxia. A review of the literature, neuropharmacology, and pathophysiology of nitrous oxide use is also presented.

Asphyxial deaths from the recreational use of nitrous oxide.

Inhibition of normal clotting is a result of rodenticides being applied to rodents in an effort to exterminate them. However, the rodenticides are also readily available for human consumption. We report a fatal ingestion of brodifacoum, a long-acting warfarin-like anticoagulant found in Havoc rodenticide. To our knowledge, this is the first such fatality reported. This case illustrates the typical clinical presentation, therapeutic alternatives, and responses to vitamin K-antagonizing anticoagulant overdoses.

David J. Doedens

Papers

Iodine absorption in burn patients treated topically with povidone-iodine

Case Report Increased serum iodide concentration from iodine absorption through wounds treated topically with povidone-iodine

Asphyxial deaths from the recreational use of nitrous oxide.

Fatal ingestion of a brodifacoum-containing rodenticide

Inhibition of pyruvate carboxylase by chloropyruvic acid and related compounds