https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61728-0.pdf

Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

https://hull-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1797952/1-s2.0-S0140673618322797-main.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61766-8.pdf

A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

ABI
: ankle–brachial index
ACCORD
: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes
ADVANCE
: Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation
AGREE
: Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation
AHA
: American Heart Association
apoA1
: apolipoprotein A1
apoB
: apolipoprotein B
CABG
: coronary artery bypass graft surgery
CARDS
: Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study
CCNAP
: Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions
CHARISMA
: Clopidogrel for High Athero-thrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilisation, Management, and Avoidance
CHD
: coronary heart disease
CKD
: chronic kidney disease
COMMIT
: Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial
CRP
: C-reactive protein
CURE
: Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
DALYs
: disability-adjusted life years
DBP
: diastolic blood pressure
DCCT
: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
ED
: erectile dysfunction
eGFR
: estimated glomerular filtration rate
EHN
: European Heart Network
EPIC
: European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
EUROASPIRE
: European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events
GFR
: glomerular filtration rate
GOSPEL
: Global Secondary Prevention Strategies to Limit Event Recurrence After MI
GRADE
: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
HbA1c
: glycated haemoglobin
HDL
: high-density lipoprotein
HF-ACTION
: Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing
HOT
: Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study
HPS
: Heart Protection Study
HR
: hazard ratio
hsCRP
: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
HYVET
: Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial
ICD
: International Classification of Diseases
IMT
: intima-media thickness
INVEST
: International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril
JTF
: Joint Task Force
LDL
: low-density lipoprotein
Lp(a)
: lipoprotein(a)
LpPLA2
: lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2
LVH
: left ventricular hypertrophy
MATCH
: Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Recent Transient Ischaemic Attack or Ischaemic Stroke
MDRD
: Modification of Diet in Renal Disease
MET
: metabolic equivalent
MONICA
: Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease
NICE
: National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence
NRT
: nicotine replacement therapy
NSTEMI
: non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
ONTARGET
: Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial
OSA
: obstructive sleep apnoea
PAD
: peripheral artery disease
PCI
: percutaneous coronary intervention
PROactive
: Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events
PWV
: pulse wave velocity
QOF
: Quality and Outcomes Framework
RCT
: randomized clinical trial
RR
: relative risk
SBP
: systolic blood pressure
SCORE
: Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project
SEARCH
: Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and
SHEP
: Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program
STEMI
: ST-elevation myocardial infarction
SU.FOL.OM3
: SUpplementation with FOlate, vitamin B6 and B12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids
Syst-Eur
: Systolic Hypertension in Europe
TNT
: Treating to New Targets
UKPDS
: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study
VADT
: Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial
VALUE
: Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use
VITATOPS
: VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke
VLDL
: very low-density lipoprotein
WHO
: World Health Organization

### 1.1 Introduction

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic disorder developing insidiously throughout life and usually progressing to an advanced stage by the time symptoms occur. It remains the major cause of premature death in Europe, even though CVD mortality has …

/pdf/european-guidelines-on-cardiovascular-disease-prevention-in-4z4nw4311i.pdf

European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)

https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/164632/2/01_Bin%2bSayeed_Global%252C_regional%252C_and_national_2018.pdf

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, andyears lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematicanalysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Over 500,000 patients are treated for venous ulcers annually, accounting for approximately 1% of total healthcare costs in the western world.1, 2 Direct wound care costs often exceed $2,400 per month,1, 2 but despite this, the pain and resulting limitations on mobility and productivity mean venous ulcers force many patients to give up work. Not only does this create an economic drain, but it can potentially lead to further costs associated with anxiety and depression.3 Hence, even modest reductions in healing time could reduce healthcare costs significantly. The ideal solution could be used at home by patients, reducing hospital visits for patients with limited mobility and providing moreconvenient treatment for chronic wounds. We recruited 16 patients between the ages of 18 and 80 years and with chronic venous ulcers from Drexel University Wound Healing Center for a trial of ultrasound treatment of their wounds with concurrent optical monitoring. Eligibility included having had a documented venous ulcer for at least 8 weeks with a surface area 1cm2 using a standard calculation of length width.4 Furthermore, patients with moderate to severe vascular insufficiency (ankle brachial index <0.75 or toe brachial index <0.5) were excluded, as tissue oxygen perfusion and subsequent wound healing are known to be diminished in these individuals.5 Patients with invasive bacterial infection or on antibiotics were also excluded. Following enrolment, the subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups: active ultrasound treatment or treatment with a sham applicator. Treatment sessions lasted 15 minutes and were conducted once a week for a period of 12 treatments, or until closure. Throughout the study, all subjects received standard wound care that included weekly or Figure 1. The ultrasound applicator used during the clinical study.

Ultrasound for healing chronic wounds

HIV infection remains incurable due to the persistence of a viral reservoir during antiretroviral therapy. Cannabis (CB) use is prevalent amongst people with HIV (PWH), but the impact of CB on the latent HIV reservoir has not been investigated. Peripheral CD4 and CD8 T cells from a cohort of CB-using PWH and a matched cohort of non-users on antiretroviral therapy were evaluated for expression of maturation/activation markers, HIV-specific T cell responses, and the frequency of intact proviral DNA. CB use was associated with increased abundance of naïve T cells, reduced effector T cells, and reduced expression of activation markers. CB users also exhibited reduced levels of exhausted and senescent T cells compared to non-using controls. HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses were unaffected by CB use. While the abundance of intact proviruses was not significantly affected by CB use across the whole cohort, we observed that, for participants with high frequency of NKG2A or CD16 expression in NK cells, CB use was associated with a smaller intact HIV reservoir. This analysis is consistent with the hypothesis that CB use reduces activation, exhaustion and senescence in the T cells of PWH and may influence the size of the HIV reservoir.

Impact of cannabis use on immune cell populations and the viral reservoir in people with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy

Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease characterized by loss of skin integrity. Risk and severity have been associated with genetic variation especially with respect to the filaggrin gene, suggesting the importance of skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis. The keratin protein plays a role in epithelial health but its relationship with disease severity would benefit from further exploration. In this study, we evaluate the association between common keratin 6 variants and severity of atopic dermatitis over time using a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model to account for repeated measures. We identify groups of variants within which individual variants have similar effects on skin repair. Further assessment of the biological mechanisms by which these contribute to repair of epidermis may inform treatment of atopic dermatitis. 

/pdf/longitudinal-association-of-atopic-dermatitis-progression-2sc5n21c.pdf

Longitudinal association of atopic dermatitis progression and keratin 6A

This paper describes a novel, wearable, battery powered ultrasound applicator that was evaluated as a therapeutic tool for healing of chronic wounds, such as venous ulcers The low frequency and low intensity (~100mW/cm 2 ) applicator works by generating ultrasound waves with peak-to-peak pressure amplitudes of 55 kPa at 20 kHz The device was used in a pilot human study (n=25) concurrently with remote optical (diffuse correlation spectroscopy - DCS) monitoring to assess the healing outcome More specifically, the ulcers’ healing status was determined by measuring tissue oxygenation and blood flow in the capillary network This procedure facilitated an early prognosis of the treatment outcome and – once verified - may eventually enable customization of wound management The outcome of the study shows that the healing patients of the ultrasound treated group had a statistically improved (p<005) average rate of wound healing (206%/week) compared to the control group (53%/week) In addition, the calculated blood flow index (BFI) decreased more rapidly in wounds that decreased in size, indicating a correlation between BFI and wound healing prediction Overall, the results presented support the notion that active low frequency ultrasound treatment of chronic venous ulcers accelerates healing when combined with the current standard clinical care The ultrasound applicator described here provides a user-friendly, fully wearable system that has the potential for becoming the first device suitable for treatment of chronic wounds in patient's homes, which - in turn - would increase patients’ compliance and improve quality of life

David J. Margolis

Papers

Ultrasound for healing chronic wounds

Impact of cannabis use on immune cell populations and the viral reservoir in people with HIV on suppressive antiretroviral therapy

Longitudinal association of atopic dermatitis progression and keratin 6A

20 kHz ultrasound assisted treatment of chronic wounds with concurrent optic monitoring

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