Theory of Raman scattering evolution and revolution of Raman instrumentation - application of available technologies to spectroscopy and microscopy Raman spectroscopy and its adaptation to the industrial environment Raman microscopy - confocal and scanning near-field Raman imaging the quest for accuracy in Raman spectra chemometrics for Raman spectroscopy Raman spectra of gases Raman spectroscopy applied to crystals - phenomena and principles, concepts and conventions Raman scattering of glass Raman spectroscopic applications to gemmology Raman spectroscopy on II-IV-semiconductor nanostructures medical applications of Raman spectroscopy - in vivo Raman spectroscopy some pharmaceutical applications of Raman spectroscopy low-frequency Raman spectroscopy and biomolecular dynamics - a comparison between different low-frequency experimental techniques collectivity of vibrational modes Raman spectroscopic studies of ion-ion interactions in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolyte solutions environmental applications of Raman spectroscopy to aqueous solutions Raman and surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering - applications in forensic science application of Raman spectroscopy to organic fibres and films applications of IR and Raman spectra of quasi-elemental carbon process Raman spectroscopy the use of Raman spectroscopy to monitor the quality of carbon overcoats in the disk drive industry Raman spectroscopy in the undergraduate teaching laboratory Raman spectroscopy in the characterization of archaeological materials.

Handbook of Raman Spectroscopy: From the Research Laboratory to the Process Line

Raman spectroscopy is an important and powerful technique for analyzing the chemical composition of biological or nonbiological samples in many fields. A serious challenge frequently encountered in Raman measurements arises from the existence of the concurrent fluorescence background. The fluorescence intensity is normally several orders of magnitude larger than the Raman scattering signal, especially in biological samples. Such fluorescence background must be suppressed in order to obtain accurate Raman spectra. Several different techniques have been explored for this purpose. These techniques could be generally grouped into time-domain, frequency-domain, wavelength-domain, and computational methods in addition to various Raman enhancement techniques and other unconventional methods. This review briefly describes the fundamental principles of each group of methods, reports the most recent advances, and makes comparison across those major categories of techniques in terms of cost and performance i...

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Review of Fluorescence Suppression Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy

The development and application of Raman spectroscopy has followed closely the development of excitation sources of increased brightness and power. The laser provided a quantum jump in improvement over mercury arc sources, and CW visible lasers with average powers of 1–10 W are now in common use. Despite the fact that Raman scattering cross sections are quite small (Chap.4), the technique has proven an extremely valuable tool in molecular spectroscopy. Many of the more important applications are reviewed in the preceding chapters and, in Chap.6, ways to increase Raman cross sections via resonance enhancement have been discussed.

Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy

Planar chromatography coupled with spectroscopic techniques

In the near future, single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is expected to expand the family of popular analytical tools for single-molecule characterization. We provide a roadmap for achieving single molecule SERS through different enhancement strategies for diverse applications. We introduce some characteristic features related to single-molecule SERS, such as Raman enhancement factor, intensity fluctuation, and data analysis. We then review recent strategies for enhancing the Raman signal intensities of single molecules, including electromagnetic enhancement, chemical enhancement, and resonance enhancement strategies. To demonstrate the utility of single-molecule SERS in practical applications, we present several examples of its use in various fields, including catalysis, imaging, and nanoelectronics. Finally, we specify current challenges in the development of single-molecule SERS and propose corresponding solutions.

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Roadmap for single-molecule surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Alternating current coupled inverse Raman spectrometry

ac-coupled inverse Raman spectroscopy is shown to yield detection limits comparable to those obtained by spontaneous Raman spectroscopy. For an aqueous nitrate ion, inverse Raman limits are about 2.5 times higher than those reported for conventional measurements with similar laser powers and measurement times. Proposed improvements in instrumentation may lower detection limits another 10 times with no change in laser powers or measurement times.

Detection Limits of ac-coupled Inverse Raman Spectroscopy

Resonance Raman spectroscopy. Current applications and prospects

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Pulsed laser systems produce spectroscopic signals with large shot-to-shot variations, short durations, and low duty cycles. The most satisfactory signal processing system is gated integration, with pulse averaging and ratioing to a reference signal. We describe a system based on commercially available modular integrators and a hobbyist microcomputer which performs the averaging and ratioing digitally. System performance is equal to or better than that of fully analog systems, while the cost is low and construction is straightforward.

David J. Wallan

Papers

Alternating current coupled inverse Raman spectrometry

Detection Limits of ac-coupled Inverse Raman Spectroscopy

Resonance Raman spectroscopy. Current applications and prospects

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy

Microprocessor-controlled Data Acquisition System for Pulsed Laser Spectroscopy