Qualitative Interviewing: The Art of Hearing Data

This 1966 paperback edition of a publication which first appeared in 1963 has by now been widely reviewed as a worthy contribution to the sociological study of deviant behavior. Its current appearance as a paperback is a testimonial both to the quality of the work and to the prominence of deviant behavior in this generation. In general the author places deviance in perspective, identifies types of deviant behavior, considers the role of rule makers and enforcers, and some of the problems in studying deviance. In addition, he develops a sequential model of deviance relying on the concept of career, a concept originally developed in studies of occupations. In his study of a particular kind of deviance, the use of marihuana, the author posits and tests systematically an hypothesis about the genesis of marihuana use for pleasure. The hypothesis traces the sequence of changes in individual attitude

Outsiders Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.

This is a study in industrial sociology; it a partial report, to be followed by another, of an investigation of singel factory seen in the light of Max Weber's theory of bureacracy.

Patterns of Industrial Bureaucracy.

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Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed

The End of Capitalism (As We Knew It): A Feminist Critique of Political Economy

This article concerns the extent to which corrupt behavior is dependent on the organizational power structure and the resources available for illegal exchange. This qualitative study is based on 42 in-depth interviews with organizational actors in different organizations in Hungary. Four core themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: (a) isolated corruption at the bottom, (b) the middle level's own corruption, (c) "technicization" when middle-level professionals and expert groups are used to legalize the corruption of the dominant coalition, and (d) "turning-off controls" when organizational elites intentionally deactivate internal and external controls to avoid detection.

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The Role of Power in Organizational Corruption: An Empirical Study

Corruption has become one of the most popular topics in the social scientiﬁc disciplines. However,there is a lack of interdisciplinary communication about corruption. Models developed by differentacademic disciplines are often isolated from each other. The purpose of this paper is to review severalmajor approaches to corruption and draw them closer to each other. Most studies of corruption fallinto three major categories: (i) rational-actor models where corruption is viewed as resulting fromcost/beneﬁt analysis of individual actors; (ii) structural models that focus on external forces thatdetermine corruption; and (iii) relational models that emphasize social interactions and networksamong corrupt actors. Focusing on actors’ behavior and the social context, this article explainscorruption concepts taken from sociology, economics, organization studies, political science, socialanthropology, and social psychology. IntroductionCorruption is an elusive phenomenon conceptually. Its literature is enormous, and mostdisciplinesinthesocialsciencesattempttosaysomethingaboutit.Unfortunately,thereisalackof interdisciplinary communication about corruption, such that models developed by differentacademic disciplines are often isolated from each other. However, each social science hasrevealed interesting and important features of corruption, so it is worth drawing them closerto each other. Hence, this paper reviews corruption concepts taken from social anthropology,economics, political science, social psychology, sociology, and organization studies.Many studies of corruption fall into three major categories: (i) a micro-level perspectivewhere corruption is viewed as resulting from rational decisions of individual actors; (ii) amacro perspective that focuses on social norms and the structural arrangements that facilitatecorruption; and (iii) a relational approach that examines social interactions and networksamong corrupt actors. This paper brings some coherence to the extensive literature oncorruption. It provides an interdisciplinary overview of the three major approaches tocorruption, focusing on actors’ behavior and the social context. The article tries to reﬂectthe broader social scientiﬁc context and theoretical background related to each approach.Finally, it argues that relational approach has the potential to integrate the other twoparadigms and link rational actors with structural elements.Conceptualization of corruptionWe can ﬁnd dozens of competing and sometimes contradictory deﬁnitions of corruption inthe literature. Some studies offer interesting overviews of such deﬁnitions (Kurer 2005;Pellegrini 2011; Williams 1999). Rather than try to resolve the deﬁnitional problem, thispaper will provide a framework for comparing and contrasting the predominant approachesin corruption studies. Here, I will use corruption as a broad umbrella term based on fourminimal, sometimes implicit, conceptual elements that one ﬁnds across most disciplines.© 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

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Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Corruption

Corrupt Governmental Networks

Bálint Magyar’s launching point in PostCommunist Mafia State: The Case of Hungary is that Hungary, once the role model of a ‘‘consolidated democracy’’ in the post-communist bloc, has regressed into a mafia state. Magyar suggests the key features of this new system are a permanent monopoly of political power tied to one person and the growth of fortunes in the hands of an affiliated privileged political elite. Such a model may sound familiar in Russia or Azerbaijan, yet Magyar claims the Hungarian case is unique in the sense that Prime Minister Viktor Orbán has turned a liberal democracy into a corrupt autocratic regime all while a member of the European Union. The book presents answers to several questions critical of Orbán’s regime: What happened to Hungary? How has the current path contributed to systemic corruption in a mafia state? What are the critical elements of this new sort of political allegiance? How is the situation in Hungary different from past fascist regimes or dictatorships? Magyar, a sociologist by training and former Minister of Education, navigates with an insider’s confidence through the social and political realms of contemporary Hungary. The book suggests that the Hungarian mafia state is something more unique and savage than western social scientists may realize within a conventional conceptual repertoire. Such a political arrangement was unimaginable in the European Union before 2010. Magyar claims that in order to understand the substance of this system, one needs to depart from a traditional framework that analyzes government through a democracy-dictatorship axis. He suggests the reality in Hungary is neither a deviation from liberal democracy nor a temporary transitional social structure, but a distinctive and stable subtype of autocracy nurtured within western-style democratic institutions. The mafia state is an octopus that reaches all spheres of society though a vast array of tentacles. According to Magyar, there are evolutionary stages of corruption in Central and Eastern Europe. It starts with the consumptionrelated everyday corruption of ordinary citizens under a one-party system, continues through the wealth accumulation of oligarchs taking advantage of rapid privatization after the collapse of communism, and ends with state capture, when laws and regulations are created in order to benefit the oligarchs’ illegitimate private interests. However, Magyar suggests the post-communist mafia state may go one step further. This brand of nationally centralized and monopolized corruption by a political elite brings order to the competitive and anarchistic world of autonomous oligarchs. The logic of the way Magyar’s mafia state operates is quite similar to the classical organized mafia underworld, except that the former does not use physical violence and happens within the organized upper-world, the realm of formal politics. After a brief description of the mafia state, Chapter Two begins with the year 1989, when communism ended in Hungary and the country began to adopt western-style political institutions and a market economy. Magyar reviews the social factors that may have opened the door for the mafia state. He also tells the story of the Fidesz Party’s rise to power from a tight-knit liberal college community in 1988 to a strong right-wing political faction winning a two-thirds ‘‘supermajority’’ in parliament in 2010. Over the years, the unquestionable leader Viktor Orbán has solidified his role as absolute authority within the party. Reviews 609

David Jancsics

Papers

The Role of Power in Organizational Corruption: An Empirical Study

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Corruption

Corrupt Governmental Networks

Post-Communist Mafia State: The Case of Hungary:

Corruption as Resource Transfer: An Interdisciplinary Synthesis