For the first time in the twentieth century most adults in many innercity ghetto neighborhoods are not working in a typical week. The disappearance of work has adversely affected not only individuals, families, and neighborhoods, but the social life of the city at large as well. Inner-city joblessness is a severe problem that is often overlooked or obscured when the focus is placed mainly on poverty and its consequences. Despite increases in the concentration of poverty since 1970, inner cities have always featured high levels of poverty, but the current levels of joblessness in some neighborhoods are unprecedented. The consequences of high neighborhood joblessness are more devastating than those of high neighborhood poverty. A neighborhood in which people are poor but employed is different from a neighborhood in which people are poor and jobless. Many of today's problems in the inner-city ghetto neighborhoodscrime, family dissolution, welfare, low levels of social organization, and so onare fundamentally a consequence of the disappearance of work. The disappearance of work and the growth of related problems in the ghetto have aggravated an already tense racial situation in urban areas. Our nation's response to racial discord in the central city and to the growing racial divide between the city and the suburbs has been disappointing. In discussing these problems we have a tendency to engage in the kind of rhetoric that exacerbates, rather than alleviates, urban and metropolitan racial tensions. Ever since the 1992 Los Angeles riot, the media have focused heavily on the factors that divide rather than those that unite racial groups. Emphasis on racial division peaked in 1995 following the jury's verdict in the 0. J. Simpson murder trial. Before

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2152085.pdf

When Work Disappears

The Rise of the Creative Class

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Answers In The Tool Box: Academic Intensity, Attendance Patterns, And Bachelor's Degree Attainment

Families, primarily female-headed minority households with children, living in high-poverty public housing projects in five U.S. cities were offered housing vouchers by lottery in the Moving to Opportunity program. Four to seven years after random assignment, families offered vouchers lived in safer neighborhoods that had lower poverty rates than those of the control group not offered vouchers. We find no significant overall effects of this intervention on adult economic self-sufficiency or physical health. Mental health benefits of the voucher offers for adults and for female youth were substantial. Beneficial effects for female youth on education, risky behavior, and physical health were offset by adverse effects for male youth. For outcomes that exhibit significant treatment effects, we find, using variation in treatment intensity across voucher types and cities, that the relationship between neighborhood poverty rate and outcomes is approximately linear.

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Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects

Spatial separation of racial and ethnic groups may theoretically have positive or negative effects on the economic performance of those groups. We examine the effects of segregation on outcomes for blacks in schooling, employment, and single parenthood. We find that blacks in more segregated areas have significantly worse outcomes than blacks in less segregated areas. We control for the endogeneity of location choice using instruments based on political factors, topographical features, and residence before adulthood. A one standard deviation decrease in segregation would eliminate one-third of the black-white differences in most of our outcomes.

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Are Ghettos Good or Bad

In 1992, Housing Policy Debate published John Kain's comprehensive review of the extensive scholarly literature on the spatial mismatch hypothesis. This hypothesis maintains that the suburbanization of jobs and involuntary housing market segregation have acted together to create a surplus of workers relative to the number of available jobs in submetropolitan areas where blacks are concentrated. Since Kain's review, more than two dozen new studies on the spatial mismatch hypothesis have been completed. Generally, these studies use more suitable data and superior methodologies than earlier studies and therefore provide the most reliable evidence to date on the spatial mismatch hypothesis. This article critically reviews the new studies and assesses what implications can be drawn for welfare reform.

The spatial mismatch hypothesis: A review of recent studies and their implications for welfare reform

This paper provides information about the importance of non-pecuniary school characteristics, such as race and poverty, on teacher turnover in Georgia. Simple descriptive statistics indicate that new teachers are more likely to leave schools with lower test scores, lower income, or higher proportions of minorities. A linear probability and a competing risks model of transitions out of first teaching jobs allow us to separate the importance of these highly correlated school characteristics. The estimates imply that teachers are much more likely to exit schools with large proportions of minority students, and that the other univariate statistical relationships are driven to a large extent by their correlation with the minority variable. Thus, while the common notion that teachers are more likely to leave high poverty schools is correct, it occurs because teachers are more likely to leave a particular type of poor school - one with a large proportion of minorities.

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Race, Poverty, and Teacher Mobility

Researchers in the social sciences business policy studies and other areas rely heavily on the use of linear regression analysis. This manual provides the background needed to understand much of the empirical work relying on linear regression analysis; it explains its basic procedures and terms. Written at an elementary level and assuming only a minimal mathematics background this book focuses on the intuitive and verbal interpretation of regression coefficients associated statistics and hypothesis tests. The manual also explains the terminology often encountered in the literature such as standardized regression coefficients dummy variables interaction terms and transformations. This book can be used as a text in a variety of courses in different disciplines. Examples are drawn from demography economics education finance marketing policy analysis political science public administration and sociology. This manual does not substitute for a statisics course; it does not teach the use of regression analysis. Rather it is intended to fill the void that exists when a student studies empirical papers before taking a statistics course. However the volumes level does make it suitable as a supplementary text for a statistics course. Chapters cover linear regression multiple linear regression hypothesis testing extensions to multiple regression models and problems and issues in linear regression. Appendices contain derivation of a and b critical values for a t distribution regression output from SAS and SPSS and suggested texts.

Understanding Regression Analysis: An Introductory Guide

https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=economicscibc

David L. Sjoquist

Papers

The spatial mismatch hypothesis: A review of recent studies and their implications for welfare reform

Race, Poverty, and Teacher Mobility

Understanding Regression Analysis: An Introductory Guide

Race, Poverty, and Teacher Mobility.

Job Accessibility and Racial Differences in Youth Employment Rates