Fibroblasts can condense a hydrated collagen lattice to a tissue-like structure 1/28th the area of the starting gel in 24 hr. The rate of the process can be regulated by varying the protein content of the lattice, the cell number, or the con- centration of an inhibitor such as Colcemid. Fibroblasts of high population doubling level propagated in vitro, which have left the cell cycle, can carry out the contraction at least as efficiently as cycling cells. The potential uses of the system as an immu- nologically tolerated "tissue" for wound hea ing and as a model for studying fibroblast function are discussed.

Production of a tissue-like structure by contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts of different proliferative

Introduction.- Data management and software.- Advice for teachers.- Exploration.- Linear regression.- Generalised linear modelling.- Additive and generalised additive modelling.- Introduction to mixed modelling.- Univariate tree models.- Measures of association.- Ordination--first encounter.- Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis.- Correspondence analysis and canonical correspondence analysis.- Introduction to discriminant analysis.- Principal coordinate analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling.- Time series analysis--Introduction.- Common trends and sudden changes.- Analysis and modelling lattice data.- Spatially continuous data analysis and modelling.- Univariate methods to analyse abundance of decapod larvae.- Analysing presence and absence data for flatfish distribution in the Tagus estuary, Portugual.- Crop pollination by honeybees in an Argentinean pampas system using additive mixed modelling.- Investigating the effects of rice farming on aquatic birds with mixed modelling.- Classification trees and radar detection of birds for North Sea wind farms.- Fish stock identification through neural network analysis of parasite fauna.- Monitoring for change: using generalised least squares, nonmetric multidimensional scaling, and the Mantel test on western Montana grasslands.- Univariate and multivariate analysis applied on a Dutch sandy beach community.- Multivariate analyses of South-American zoobenthic species--spoilt for choice.- Principal component analysis applied to harbour porpoise fatty acid data.- Multivariate analysis of morphometric turtle data--size and shape.- Redundancy analysis and additive modelling applied on savanna tree data.- Canonical correspondence analysis of lowland pasture vegetation in the humid tropics of Mexico.- Estimating common trends in Portuguese fisheries landings.- Common trends in demersal communities on the Newfoundland-Labrador Shelf.- Sea level change and salt marshes in the Wadden Sea: a time series analysis.- Time series analysis of Hawaiian waterbirds.- Spatial modelling of forest community features in the Volzhsko-Kamsky reserve.

Analysing Ecological Data

This study aimed to review the literature describing and quantifying time lags in the health research translation process. Papers were included in the review if they quantified time lags in the development of health interventions. The study identified 23 papers. Few were comparable as different studies use different measures, of different things, at different time points. We concluded that the current state of knowledge of time lags is of limited use to those responsible for R&D and knowledge transfer who face difficulties in knowing what they should or can do to reduce time lags. This effectively ‘blindfolds’ investment decisions and risks wasting effort. The study concludes that understanding lags first requires agreeing models, definitions and measures, which can be applied in practice. A second task would be to develop a process by which to gather these data.

The Answer Is 17 Years, What Is the Question

In this paper we describe a cellular automaton (CA) simulation model developed to predict urban growth as part of a project for estimating the regional and broader impact of urbanization on the San Francisco Bay area's climate. The rules of the model are more complex than those of a typical CA and involve the use of multiple data sources, including topography, road networks, and existing settlement distributions, and their modification over time. In addition, the control parameters of the model are allowed to self-modify: that is, the CA adapts itself to the circumstances it generates, in particular, during periods of rapid growth or stagnation. In addition, the model was written to allow the accumulation of probabilistic estimates based on Monte Carlo methods. Calibration of the model has been accomplished by the use of historical maps to compare model predictions of urbanization, based solely upon the distribution in year 1900, with observed data for years 1940, 1954, 1962, 1974, and 1990. The complexity of this model has made calibration a particularly demanding step. Lessons learned about the methods, measures, and strategies developed to calibrate the model may be of use in other environmental modeling contexts. With the calibration complete, the model is being used to generate a set of future scenarios for the San Francisco Bay area along with their probabilities based on the Monte Carlo version of the model. Animated dynamic mapping of the simulations will be used to allow visualization of the impact of future urban growth.

/pdf/a-self-modifying-cellular-automaton-model-of-historical-4znon8yqbj.pdf

A Self-Modifying Cellular Automaton Model of Historical Urbanization in the San Francisco Bay Area

Poor housing conditions are associated with a wide range of health conditions, including respiratory infections, asthma, lead poisoning, injuries, and mental health. Addressing housing issues offers public health practitioners an opportunity to address an important social determinant of health. Public health has long been involved in housing issues. In the 19th century, health officials targeted poor sanitation, crowding, and inadequate ventilation to reduce infectious diseases as well as fire hazards to decrease injuries. Today, public health departments can employ multiple strategies to improve housing, such as developing and enforcing housing guidelines and codes, implementing “Healthy Homes” programs to improve indoor environmental quality, assessing housing conditions, and advocating for healthy, affordable housing. Now is the time for public health to create healthier homes by confronting substandard housing.

Housing and Health: Time Again for Public Health Action

We describe a case of intraoperative fracture of phacoemulsification sleeve during phacoemulsification surgery. Phacoemulsification surgery was performed in the left eye of a 58-year-old lady with grade II nuclear sclerosis & grade I cortical cataract. Towards the end of quadrant removal, there was anterior chamber instability with impaired followability of nuclear fragments. The distal part of the fractured sleeve remained inside the anterior chamber upon removal of the phacoemulsification probe. The retained sleeve was retrieved with a pair of forceps through the corneal incision site, which did not require widening. There was no missing fragments retained intraocularly and the patient had an uneventful recovery with vision of 20/25 at three months post-operatively. Phacoemulsification sleeve fracture is an uncommon complication. With early identification of this condition and proper management, major complications can be avoided.

http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/138171/1/1471-2415-10-29.pdf

Intraoperative fracture of phacoemulsification sleeve

Inverse PVR: Sub-ILM PVR Following Intraretinal Hemorrhage

This article reviews and reflects on the use of the geographic information system (GIS) as a tool, or geographic information science (GIScience) as a research methodology, and associated techniques of analysis in an empirical study-in-progress on the law and history of early twentieth century British Hong Kong. The article begins by introducing the study and its objectives, as well as the rationale for adopting GIS/GIScience as one of its research methodologies. It then highlights the preliminary findings of the current project and compares them with those of earlier research on the legal history of early twentieth century Beijing using GIS. The article also discusses the difficulties involved in adopting such a digital tool and methodology in historical research. It concludes by reflecting on what GIS can help scholars understand about the social history of law in Hong Kong, beyond what is already known, and how specialists in law, history, and geography can collaborate in a digital law and history project involving the use of GIS. This article also gives an overview of the use of GIS in conducting empirical research in the humanities (including but not limited to history and legal history research) and points to digital sources and web sites useful to researchers who may need tools and data to launch a GIS study in law and history.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/8944E07D7E30933A64CFF6806319E306/S073824801600033Xa.pdf/div-class-title-geographical-dimension-of-colonial-justice-using-gis-in-research-on-law-and-history-div.pdf

Geographical Dimension of Colonial Justice: Using GIS in Research on Law and History

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of late anatomic failure in retinal detachment surgery, with a reported incidence of 5–11 % of all rhegmatogenous retinal detachments [1]. PVR can be considered an exaggerated wound healing response in specialized tissue, resulting in the formation of complex fibrocellular membranes on both surfaces of the retina and the posterior vitreous cortex. Contraction of these membranes then distorts the normal retinal architecture with resultant visually detrimental sequelae and/or traction retinal detachment, with re-opening of preexisting retinal breaks or the formation of new ones. Based on the premise that the primary pathology was centered in the vitreous, PVR was previously referred to as massive vitreous retraction syndrome (MVR) or massive preretinal retraction syndrome (MPR). However, to acknowledge the role of periretinal membrane formation and pigment epithelial cell proliferation, PVR later became known as massive periretinal proliferation (MPP) [2]. A unifying classification system was established in 1983 by the Retina Society Terminology Committee [1] coining the phrase proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), which was later updated in 1991 to the current classification system in clinical practice today [3].

IV.F. Pharmacotherapy of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Quite often, geographical analysis involves comparing the spatial distributions of two variables or attributes. A typical method is to calculate the correlation coefficient of the two variables for corresponding areal units. Putting aside the fact that correlation coefficient is aspatial in nature (swapping attribute values between spatial units will not alter the value of correlation coefficient) and the issue of spatial dependency (or the potential existence of spatial autocorrelation) among observations, another major problem with using correlation measures for analyzing spatial data is the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), especially with the scale effect. Results from correlation analysis vary with the spatial resolutions based upon which spatial data are gathered. This paper presents an approach for spatial correlation analysis for count variables by comparing their cumulative spatial distributions. Using the concept of cumulative distribution function (CDF) in classical statistics, this paper shows that location-specific CDF (LSCDF) and its associated K-S-like statistic, which indicate the magnitude of difference between the two spatial distributions, are highly consistent over different levels of spatial scale. The application of the LSCDF approach is not restricted to isotropic spatial processes and the statistic provides a rather conservative conclusion. In addition, given any origin to construct LSCDFs, the LSCDFs can provide a geographic description of the two spatial distributions. By combining LSCDFs derived from different origins, a comprehensive understanding of the two distributions for the entire study area is developed. This approach for correlation analysis may offer a direction for future investigation of the MAUP.

David Wong

Papers

Intraoperative fracture of phacoemulsification sleeve

Inverse PVR: Sub-ILM PVR Following Intraretinal Hemorrhage

Geographical Dimension of Colonial Justice: Using GIS in Research on Law and History

IV.F. Pharmacotherapy of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy

Location-specific cumulative distribution function(LSCDF): An alternative to spatial correlation analysis