This ebook is the first authorized digital version of Kernighan and Ritchie's 1988 classic, The C Programming Language (2nd Ed.). One of the best-selling programming books published in the last fifty years, "K&R" has been called everything from the "bible" to "a landmark in computer science" and it has influenced generations of programmers. Available now for all leading ebook platforms, this concise and beautifully written text is a "must-have" reference for every serious programmers digital library.

As modestly described by the authors in the Preface to the First Edition, this "is not an introductory programming manual; it assumes some familiarity with basic programming concepts like variables, assignment statements, loops, and functions. Nonetheless, a novice programmer should be able to read along and pick up the language, although access to a more knowledgeable colleague will help."

The C programming language

From the Publisher:
Switching Theory for Logic Synthesis covers the basic topics of switching theory and logic synthesis in fourteen chapters. Chapters 1 through 5 provide the mathematical foundation. Chapters 6 through 8 include an introduction to sequential circuits, optimization of sequential machines and asynchronous sequential circuits. Chapters 9 through 14 are the main feature of the book. These chapters introduce and explain various topics that make up the subject of logic synthesis: multi-valued input two-valued output function, logic design for PLDs/FPGAs, EXOR-based design, and complexity theories of logic networks.
An appendix providing a history of switching theory is included. The reference list consists of over four hundred entries.
Switching Theory for Logic Synthesis is based on the author's lectures at Kyushu Institute of Technology as well as seminars for CAD engineers from various Japanese technology companies.
Switching Theory for Logic Synthesis will be of interest to CAD professionals and students at the advanced level. It is also useful as a textbook, as each chapter contains examples, illustrations, and exercises.

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Switching Theory for Logic Synthesis

BACKGROUND: Agitation is common, persistent and distressing in dementia and is linked with care breakdown. Psychotropic medication is often ineffective or harmful, but the evidence regarding non-pharmacological interventions is unclear. OBJECTIVES: We systematically reviewed and synthesised the evidence for clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for reducing agitation in dementia, considering dementia severity, the setting, the person with whom the intervention is implemented, whether the effects are immediate or longer term, and cost-effectiveness. DATA SOURCES: We searched twice using relevant search terms (9 August 2011 and 12 June 2012) in Web of Knowledge (incorporating MEDLINE); EMBASE; British Nursing Index; the Health Technology Assessment programme database; PsycINFO; NHS Evidence; System for Information on Grey Literature; The Stationery Office Official Documents website; The Stationery National Technical Information Service; Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; and The Cochrane Library. We also searched Cochrane reviews of interventions for behaviour in dementia, included papers' references, and contacted authors about 'missed' studies. We included quantitative studies, evaluating non-pharmacological interventions for agitation in dementia, in all settings. REVIEW METHOD: We rated quality, prioritising higher-quality studies. We separated results by intervention type and agitation level. As we were unable to meta-analyse results except for light therapy, we present a qualitative evidence synthesis. In addition, we calculated standardised effect sizes (SESs) with available data, to compare heterogeneous interventions. In the health economic analysis, we reviewed economic studies, calculated the cost of effective interventions from the effectiveness review, calculated the incremental cost per unit improvement in agitation, used data from a cohort study to evaluate the relationship between health and social care costs and health-related quality of life (DEMQOL-Proxy-U scores) and developed a new cost-effectiveness model. RESULTS: We included 160 out of 1916 papers screened. Supervised person-centred care, communication skills (SES = -1.8 to -0.3) or modified dementia care mapping (DCM) with implementing plans (SES = -1.4 to -0.6) were all efficacious at reducing clinically significant agitation in care home residents, both immediately and up to 6 months afterwards. In care home residents, during interventions but not at follow-up, activities (SES = -0.8 to -0.6) and music therapy (SES = -0.8 to -0.5) by protocol reduced mean levels of agitation; sensory intervention (SES = -1.3 to -0.6) reduced mean and clinically significant symptoms. Advantages were not demonstrated with 'therapeutic touch' or individualised activity. Aromatherapy and light therapy did not show clinical effectiveness. Training family carers in behavioural or cognitive interventions did not decrease severe agitation. The few studies reporting activities of daily living or quality-of-life outcomes found no improvement, even when agitation had improved. We identified two health economic studies. Costs of interventions which significantly impacted on agitation were activities, £80-696; music therapy, £13-27; sensory interventions, £3-527; and training paid caregivers in person-centred care or communication skills with or without behavioural management training and DCM, £31-339. Among the 11 interventions that were evaluated using the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI), the incremental cost per unit reduction in CMAI score ranged from £162 to £3480 for activities, £4 for music therapy, £24 to £143 for sensory interventions, and £6 to £62 for training paid caregivers in person-centred care or communication skills with or without behavioural management training and DCM. Health and social care costs ranged from around £7000 over 3 months in people without clinically significant agitation symptoms to around £15,000 at the most severe agitation levels. There is some evidence that DEMQOL-Proxy-U scores decline with Neuropsychiatric Inventory agitation scores. A multicomponent intervention in participants with mild to moderate dementia had a positive monetary net benefit and a 82.2% probability of being cost-effective at a maximum willingness to pay for a quality-adjusted life-year of £20,000 and a 83.18% probability at a value of £30,000. LIMITATIONS: Although there were some high-quality studies, there were only 33 reasonably sized (> 45 participants) randomised controlled trials, and lack of evidence means that we cannot comment on many interventions' effectiveness. There were no hospital studies and few studies in people's homes. More health economic data are needed. CONCLUSIONS: Person-centred care, communication skills and DCM (all with supervision), sensory therapy activities, and structured music therapies reduce agitation in care-home dementia residents. Future interventions should change care home culture through staff training and permanently implement evidence-based treatments and evaluate health economics. There is a need for further work on interventions for agitation in people with dementia living in their own homes. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The study was registered as PROSPERO no. CRD42011001370. FUNDING: The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sensory, psychological and behavioural interventions for managing agitation in older adults with dementia

Preface. Glossary. 1. Introduction to FPGAs. 2. Commercially Available FPGAs. 3. Technology Mapping for FPGAs. 4. Logic Block Architecture. 5. Routing for FPGAs. 6. Flexibility of FPGA Routing Architectures. 7. A Theoretical Model for FPGA Routing. References. Index.

Field-Programmable Gate Arrays

Today's computers must perform with increasing reliability, which in turn depends on the problem of determining whether a circuit has been manufactured properly or behaves correctly. However, the greater circuit density of VLSI circuits and systems has made testing more difficult and costly. This book notes that one solution is to develop faster and more efficient algorithms to generate test patterns or use design techniques to enhance testability - that is, "design for testability." Design for testability techniques offer one approach toward alleviating this situation by adding enough extra circuitry to a circuit or chip to reduce the complexity of testing. Because the cost of hardware is decreasing as the cost of testing rises, there is now a growing interest in these techniques for VLSI circuits.The first half of the book focuses on the problem of testing: test generation, fault simulation, and complexity of testing. The second half takes up the problem of design for testability: design techniques to minimize test application and/or test generation cost, scan design for sequential logic circuits, compact testing, built-in testing, and various design techniques for testable systems.Hideo Fujiwara is an associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication, Meiji University. Logic Testing and Design for Testability is included in the Computer Systems Series, edited by Herb Schwetman.

Logic testing and design for testability

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) enable wireless communication among Vehicles and Infrastructures. Connected vehicles are promising in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) and smart cities. The main ob-jective of VANET is to improve the safety, comfort, driving efficiency and waiting time on the road. VANET is unlike other ad hoc networks due to its unique characteristics and high mobility. However, it is vulnerable to various security attacks due to the lack of centralized infrastructure. This is a serious threat to the safety of road traffic. The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a bus communication protocol which defines a standard for reliable and efficient transmission between in-vehicle parts simultaneously. The message moves through CAN bus from one node to another node, but it does not have information about the source and destination address for authentication. Thus, the attacker can easily inject any message to lead to system faults. In this paper, we present machine learning techniques to cluster and classify the intrusions in VANET by KNN and SVM algorithms. The intrusion detection technique relies on the analysis of the offset ratio and time interval between the messages request and the response in the CAN.

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Classification Approach for Intrusion Detection in Vehicle Systems

An AND-OR-EXOR network, where the output EXOR gate has only two inputs, is one of the simplest three-level architecture. This network realizes an EXOR of two sum-of-products expressions (EX-SOP). In this paper, we show an algorithm to simplify EX-SOPs for multiple-output functions. Our objective is to minimize the number of distinct products in the sum-of-products expressions of EX-SOPs. The algorithm uses a divide-and-conquer strategy. It recursively applies the Shannon decomposition on a function with more than five variables. The algorithm obtains EX-SOPs for the five-variable functions by using an exact minimization program, then combines those EX-SOPs to generate EX-SOPs for the functions with more variables. We present experimental results for a set of benchmark functions, and show that EX-SOPs require many fewer products and literals than sum-of-products expressions. This is evidence that AND-OR-EXOR is a powerful architecture to realize many practical logic functions.

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A heuristic algorithm to design AND-OR-EXOR three-level networks

Minimization of AND-OR-EXOR Three-Level Networks with AND Gate Sharing

This paper presents an efficient technique for solving a Boolean matching problem in cell-library binding, where the number of cells in the library is large. As a basis of the Boolean matching, we use the notion NP-representative (NPR); two functions have the same NPR if one can be obtained from the other by a permutation and/or complementation(s) of the variables. By using a table look-up and a tree-based breadth-first search strategy, our method quickly computes NPR for a given function. Boolean matching of the given function against the whole library is determined by checking the presence of its NPR in a hash table, which stores NPRs for all the library functions and their complements. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated through experimental results, which shows that it is more than two orders of magnitude faster than the Hinsberger-Kolla's algorithm---the fastest Boolean matching algorithm for large libraries.

Efficient computation of canonical form for Boolean matching in large libraries

Alzheimer's disease is one of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States. A recent study by The Johns Hopkins University estimated that by 2050, one in 85 people worldwide will be living with Alzheimer's disease. According to the study, if intervention could delay the progression of the disease by a modest one year, there would be about 3.7 million fewer patients with the disease who require high level of care such as a nursing home in 2050. Research suggests that the combination of physical and mental exercise reduces the progression of cognitive degeneration. The paper focuses on creating an assistive technology system to promote both physical exercise and cognitive stimulation for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. The system incorporates a portable mini stationary bike and an interactive visual multiple choice question game. Physical exercise is provided by the bike while cognitive stimulation is provided by the game that targets areas such as memory, judgment, problem solving, recollection, and matching, to impede dementia. Research has shown that certain multi-sensory stimulants such as fiber optic lights and selective colors can be used to relax and control agitation of patients with dementia. By incorporating these stimulants into the design, we have created a safe and fun way for patients with dementia to complete physical and mental exercise.

Debatosh Debnath

Papers

Classification Approach for Intrusion Detection in Vehicle Systems

A heuristic algorithm to design AND-OR-EXOR three-level networks

Minimization of AND-OR-EXOR Three-Level Networks with AND Gate Sharing

Efficient computation of canonical form for Boolean matching in large libraries

Assistive Technology for Promoting Physical and Mental Exercise to Delay Progression of Cognitive Degeneration in Patients with Dementia