basic research and clinical data in an attempt to derive a cohesive model which explains the behavioral effects of the drug. Johnson is an experimental psychologist, and his work underlies many of the chapters which suggest that lithium decreases the behavioral response to novel external stimuli. He then utilizes this foundation to propose a cognitive model for lithium's anti-manic action, its inhibition of violent impulsivity, and its prophylactic effects in recurrent depression. Previous formulations which were clinically based, such as that of Mabel Blake Cohen and her associates, stressed the primacy of depression and noted the \"manic defense\" as an attempt to ward off intolerable depression. In direct contrast, Johnson views mania as the primary disturbance in bipolar disorder. He considers depression in bipolar disease as an over-zealous homeostatic inhibitory responsf to a maniaassociated cognitive overload. Consistent with this, he believes, lit lum exerts its anti-manic effect by decreasing cognitive processing in a manner analogous to his animal studies. Johnson also suggests that lithium exerts its prophylactic effect in recurrent depressions by treating subclinical mania. These concepts are supported by the work of Johnson's associate, Kukopulos, to whom the book is dedicated. The bulk of the research which describes the cognitive disturbance in mania is complex, however, and uncomfortably open to multiple interpretations. Recognized as a preliminary effort, Johnson's formulation may help to guide further research. Although Johnson clearly traces lithium actions through a broad range of subjects, his discussion of the neurophysiological aspects of this drug is notably spotty. In particular, Johnson ignores the work of Svensson, DeMontigny, Aghajanian, and others who suggest that serotonergic systems may play an important role in the antidepressant actions of lithium. As a result, he fails to discuss one of the most important current uses of lithium: as an agent used in conjunction with antidepressant medications to increase treatment response in medication-resistant forms of depression. Lithium augmentation of antidepressant medication also challenges the formulation presented by Johnson. This formulation suggests that lithium should have no therapeutic value in patients, such as those with endogenous depression, who already \"under-process\" cognitive information. The omission of lithium augmentation in depression is clearly unfortunate in this text. Overall, this volume demonstrates the benefits of a single-authored text. It it clearly organized and readable. The bibliography is also broad and useful. In this book, Johnson primarily addresses a research audience, and his model seems designed to stimulate thought rather than to improve clinical technique. In this capacity, his book will be of most interest to behavioral psychologists. Other books, focusing purely on clinical data, may be more useful to clinicians. Nevertheless, the clear organization, the large bibliography, and the thoughtful presentation may make this text a useful addition to a clinical library as well.

The Body in Pain: The Making and Unmaking of the World.

Ideology-An Introduction

Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. Stephen D. Reese, Oscar H. Gandy Jr., and August E. Grant, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001. 399 pp. $99.95 hbk. When I conduct content analyses of transcripts, media content, and government documents with students and other faculty, I often advocate combining the study of agenda setting with the study of framing. Especially when I will not be the one doing the work. Conceptually, the pairing of issue salience with issue portrayal is a natural: just as the agenda-setting process can be studied as diffusion or social change involving institutional actors and nascent groups, through media attention, and on to the actions and nonactions of bureaucrats and elected officials, so too can framing provide a compelling and malleable lens through which to understand political jockeying and media access, issue portrayal in media, and the meanings assigned to media content by members of the public. But operationalization is another matter. Whereas the means of studying agenda setting are rather delimited (parsimony certainly accounted for part of its initial attractiveness to media scholars), approaches to framing analysis suggest a bit of a free-for-all. Especially when quantification of frames is attempted, I find the effort less than optimum in terms of what we usually learn. Even when we are trying not to, we tend to mistakenly weed out and discard the substance of frames (meanings, associations, metaphors, interests)in our pursuit of inter-coder reliability. I have found the study of framing to be more difficult and oftentimes more insightful than the study of agenda setting, and, when paired, a perfect example of the advantages of multi-method research designs. Framing Public Life is a very useful book for providing guidance about conceptual and operational alternatives and procedures concerning framing. Faced with a loose and complex paradigm of research, the editors have spent far more than the average amount of time pulling together themes across contributed chapters, carefully constructing prologues and epilogues, allowing time for contributors to react to the editors' own claims and positions about framing and the study of media, and commissioning chapters that were not originally presented at the 1997 University of South Carolina conference that served as the basis for this volume. The collection is just that: not a unified approach to framing, but rather a well-integrated and diverse set of perspectives on framing. Mapping out a citation analysis based on the references cited in these collected chapters would be interesting; I expect that while cliques of researchers focusing, for example, on social movements would be discernible, an overall network among framing scholars could be demonstrated. …

Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World

Dehumanization is a central concept in the study of intergroup relations. Yet although theoretical and methodological advances in subtle, "everyday" dehumanization have progressed rapidly, blatant dehumanization remains understudied. The present research attempts to refocus theoretical and empirical attention on blatant dehumanization, examining when and why it provides explanatory power beyond subtle dehumanization. To accomplish this, we introduce and validate a blatant measure of dehumanization based on the popular depiction of evolutionary progress in the "Ascent of Man." We compare blatant dehumanization to established conceptualizations of subtle and implicit dehumanization, including infrahumanization, perceptions of human nature and human uniqueness, and implicit associations between ingroup-outgroup and human-animal concepts. Across 7 studies conducted in 3 countries, we demonstrate that blatant dehumanization is (a) more strongly associated with individual differences in support for hierarchy than subtle or implicit dehumanization, (b) uniquely predictive of numerous consequential attitudes and behaviors toward multiple outgroup targets, (c) predictive above prejudice, and (d) reliable over time. Finally, we show that blatant-but not subtle-dehumanization spikes immediately after incidents of real intergroup violence and strongly predicts support for aggressive actions like torture and retaliatory violence (after the Boston Marathon bombings and Woolwich attacks in England). This research extends theory on the role of dehumanization in intergroup relations and intergroup conflict and provides an intuitive, validated empirical tool to reliably measure blatant dehumanization.

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The ascent of man: Theoretical and empirical evidence for blatant dehumanization.

Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People

Much of the scholarly attention surrounding the media’s treatment of the so-called ‘war on terror’ has focused on its uncritical replication of the Bush administration’s rhetorical framing of the conflict, in which the September 11 attacks were seen as acts of war initiating a retaliatory war on terror. While this dominant, martial framing is now being challenged, an equally significant framing remains largely unexamined, one as significant to media rhetoric and public perception as the war trope itself. This article identifies the consistent pattern of dehumanizing metaphor that dominates Western media’s coverage. It focuses on newspaper headlines as influentially compressed narratives replicating and recycling key metaphors that systematically figure the enemy as animal, vermin, or metastatic disease. These dehumanizing media representations, which have historically prefigured abuse, oppression, and even genocide, are being circulated as uncritically through newspaper media headlines as Bush’s war frami...

‘The vermin have struck again’: dehumanizing the enemy in post 9/11 media representations:

This paper examines the Canadian news media’s coverage of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. In particular, Canadian newspaper headlines are examined for the way in which an image of the “enemy” is constructed and framed in dominant media discourse. An analysis of the data reveals a pattern of dehumanizing language applied to enemy leaders as well as Arab and Muslim citizens at large in the media’s uncritical reproduction of metaphors that linguistically frame the enemy in particular ways. Particularly, the paper argues that the Canadian media have participated in mediating constructions of Islam and Muslims, mobilizing familiar metaphors in representations that fabricate an enemy-Other who is dehumanized, de-individualized, and ultimately expendable. This dehumanizing language takes the form of animal imagery that equates and reduces human actions with sub-human behaviours. This paper argues that the repeated use of animal metaphors by monopoly media institutions constitute motivated representations that have ideological importance. The consequences of these representations are more than rhetorical, setting the stage for racist backlash, prisoner abuse and even genocide.

Discourses of Dehumanization: Enemy Construction and Canadian Media Complicity in the Framing of the War on Terror

Chapter 1 Introduction Part 2 Part I: Metaphor Matters Chapter 3 Chapter 1. Weaponizing Words: Metaphor and War Chapter 4 Chapter 2. Making Enemies: Propaganda and the Making of the Orientalist "Other" Chapter 5 Chapter 3. Rallying Racism: Dehumanization and Genocide Part 6 Part II: Enlisting Discourse Chapter 7 Chapter 4. Rats in the Trap: Animal Metaphors in the News Chapter 8 Chapter 5. Infestation and Eradication: Exterminationist Rhetoric in Political Cartoons Chapter 9 Chapter 6. HateSpeak: Discourses of Dehumanization in Talk Radio Part 10 Part III: Dangerous Discourses Chapter 11 Chapter 7. Media March to War: Understanding News Filters Chapter 12 Chapter 8. Boiling the Blood and Narrowing the Mind: Fomenting Backlash Chapter 13 Chapter 9. Talking Our War to Peace: New Metaphors for Change

At War with Metaphor: Media, Propaganda, and Racism in the War on Terror

In both political speech and news media discourse, the War on Terror has been persistently metaphorically figured as a hunt for prey. In concert with this figuration, a trope of the soldier as hunter has risen to cultural prominence. This paper examines official government discourses' use of the soldier-as-hunter paradigm, military language and training practice that reflects and augments this paradigm, and media language that uncritically echoes and furthers it. The discursive intersection of government, military, and media language is suggestively reflected in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq through soldier's self-representations, particularly through trophy-taking and display. These behaviours evidence the potency, coherence, and influence of the soldier-hunter trope in the ways soldiers construct and circulate images of both themselves as hunter and the enemy as prey.

The soldier as hunter: pursuit, prey and display in the War on Terror

North American social, cultural, and developmental narratives frequently suggest that the successful conclusion of adolescence lies primarily in moving through and past it. Adolescence is thus represented as both transitional and transitory, a briefly liminal state meant to be resolved by a conclusive departure. However, recent Canadian young adult novels such as Arthur Slade’s Dust (2001), Bill Richardson’s After Hamelin (2000), and Kit Pearson’s Awake and Dreaming (1996) challenge these assumptions by depicting adolescent protagonists who find their identity and their greatest strength in their liminality. The successful adolescents in these novels possess what we might call a transliminal consciousness, a state of mind that allows them to move deftly between the ontologically contradictory states of fantasy and reality. They use the creative and generative potential of dream-space to either create a coherent family or preserve a fragmented family.

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Deborah Wills

Papers

‘The vermin have struck again’: dehumanizing the enemy in post 9/11 media representations:

Discourses of Dehumanization: Enemy Construction and Canadian Media Complicity in the Framing of the War on Terror

At War with Metaphor: Media, Propaganda, and Racism in the War on Terror

The soldier as hunter: pursuit, prey and display in the War on Terror

"On the Cusp": Liminality and Adolescence in Arthur Slade’s Dust , Bill Richardson’s After Hamelin , and Kit Pearson’s Awake and Dreaming