3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2019/NP/C8NP00092A

Marine natural products.

The median-effect equation derived from the mass-action law principle at equilibrium-steady state via mathematical induction and deduction for different reaction sequences and mechanisms and different types of inhibition has been shown to be the unified theory for the Michaelis-Menten equation, Hill equation, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and Scatchard equation. It is shown that dose and effect are interchangeable via defined parameters. This general equation for the single drug effect has been extended to the multiple drug effect equation for n drugs. These equations provide the theoretical basis for the combination index (CI)-isobologram equation that allows quantitative determination of drug interactions, where CI 1 indicate synergism, additive effect, and antagonism, respectively. Based on these algorithms, computer software has been developed to allow automated simulation of synergism and antagonism at all dose or effect levels. It displays the dose-effect curve, median-effect plot, combination index plot, isobologram, dose-reduction index plot, and polygonogram for in vitro or in vivo studies. This theoretical development, experimental design, and computerized data analysis have facilitated dose-effect analysis for single drug evaluation or carcinogen and radiation risk assessment, as well as for drug or other entity combinations in a vast field of disciplines of biomedical sciences. In this review, selected examples of applications are given, and step-by-step examples of experimental designs and real data analysis are also illustrated. The merging of the mass-action law principle with mathematical induction-deduction has been proven to be a unique and effective scientific method for general theory development. The median-effect principle and its mass-action law based computer software are gaining increased applications in biomedical sciences, from how to effectively evaluate a single compound or entity to how to beneficially use multiple drugs or modalities in combination therapies.

http://www.protocol-online.org/forums/uploads/monthly_09_2010/post-8165-008503000%201284677034.ipb

Theoretical Basis, Experimental Design, and Computerized Simulation of Synergism and Antagonism in Drug Combination Studies

Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are fundamentally different from two-component reactions in several aspects. Among the MCRs, those with isocyanides have developed into popular organic-chemical reactions in the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of compound libraries of low-molecular druglike compounds. With a small set of starting materials, very large libraries can be built up within a short time, which can then be used for research on medicinal substances. Due to the intensive research of the last few years, many new backbone types have become accessible. MCRs are also increasingly being employed in the total synthesis of natural products. MCRs and especially MCRs with isocyanides offer many opportunities to attain new reactions and basic structures. However, this requires that the chemist learns the “language” of MCRs, something that this review wishes to stimulate.

Multicomponent Reactions with Isocyanides.

Although fire is now rarely used in synthetic chemistry, it was not until Robert Bunsen invented the burner in 1855 that the energy from this heat source could be applied to a reaction vessel in a focused manner. The Bunsen burner was later superseded by the isomantle, oil bath, or hot plate as a source for applying heat to a chemical reaction. In the past few years, heating and driving chemical reactions by microwave energy has been an increasingly popular theme in the scientific community. This nonclassical heating technique is slowly moving from a laboratory curiosity to an established technique that is heavily used in both academia and industry. The efficiency of "microwave flash heating" in dramatically reducing reaction times (from days and hours to minutes and seconds) is just one of the many advantages. This Review highlights recent applications of controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis, and discusses some of the underlying phenomena and issues involved.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/anie.200400655

Controlled microwave heating in modern organic synthesis.

Atom Transfer Addition, Annulation, and Macrocyclization Reactions of Iodomalononitriles.

Cyclisation radicalaire de bromo-2 hexenes-1 substitues et fonctionnalises, en methylcyclopentanes correspondants

Translocation of Radical Sites by Intramolecular 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer.

Group transfer addition reactions of alkyl phenylselenomalononitriles to enol ethers derived from trans-2-phenylcyclohexanol and 8-phenylmenthol occur cleanly, and moderate to excellent stereoselection is observed in both the radical addition and phenylselenium transfer steps.

Group Transfer Addition Reactions of Selenomalononitriles to Chiral Enol Ethers. Asymmetric Radical Addition and Selenium Transfer Reactions.

A new class of “fluorous” aryl tin reactants was investigated for use in the Stille coupling. Fluorous compounds partition into a fluorocarbon (fluorous) phase in a fluorous/organic extraction. The...

Palladium‐Catalyzed Stille Couplings with Fluorous Tin Reactants.

First generation fluorous DEAD reagent bis(perfluorohexylethyl)azo dicarboxylate (C6F13(CH2)2O2CNNCO2(CH2)2C6F13, F-DEAD-1) has been shown to underperform relative to diisopropylazodicarboxylate in difficult Mitsunobu reactions involving hindered alcohols or less acidic pronucleophiles (phenols). Two new second generation fluorous reagents bearing propylene spacers instead of the ethylene spacers show expanded reaction scope while retaining the easy fluorous separation features. Byproducts from “half fluorous” reagent perfluorooctylpropyl tert-butyl azo dicarboxylate (C8F17(CH2)3O2CNNCO2tBu, F-DEAD-2) can be removed by fluorous flash chromatography, and byproducts from bis(perfluorohexylpropyl)azo dicarboxylate (C6F13(CH2)3O2CNNCO2(CH2)3C6F13, F-DEAD-3) can be removed by fluorous solid-phase extraction. The new reagents promise to provide general and complementary solutions for separation problems in Mitsunobu reactions without restricting reaction scope.

Dennis P. Curran

Papers

Atom Transfer Addition, Annulation, and Macrocyclization Reactions of Iodomalononitriles.

Translocation of Radical Sites by Intramolecular 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer.

Group Transfer Addition Reactions of Selenomalononitriles to Chiral Enol Ethers. Asymmetric Radical Addition and Selenium Transfer Reactions.

Palladium‐Catalyzed Stille Couplings with Fluorous Tin Reactants.

Second Generation Fluorous DEAD Reagents Have Expanded Scope in the Mitsunobu Reaction and Retain Convenient Separation Features.