The purpose of this study was to reduce the hemolysis of artificial red blood cells by extracting phospolipids from egg yolk through microencapsulation to evaluate the oxygen transfer rate of artificial red blood cells in an intravascular artificial lung device. In this study, hemosome was produced to encapsulate hemoglobin which extracted the red blood cell of bovine blood with phospolipids reduced egg yolk. The solution blended blood with hemosome at the rate of 4 to 1 and normal blood measured the oxygen transfer rate. The hemolysis of the microencapsulated artificial red blood cell measured less than the normal red blood cell through absorptivity. Due to the phospolipids enclosing the red blood cell to protect it, the produced hemosome operated at a higher oxygen transfer rate by reducing the demolition of hemoglobin. Consequently, hemolysis was observed to advance through micoencapsulation.

Microencapsulation 헤모글로빈 인공적혈구의 용혈

Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin are photosynthetic pigments extracted from microalgae with great biotechnological potential due to their intense colors, fluorescent properties and potential health benefits. Their principal applications are as nutritional supplements, natural colorants in foods and cosmetics, and as a reagent for immunological assays. However, the main challenges for their commercialization and implementation in food and cosmetic applications are their low yield during production and limited chemical instability. This review compares the use of different methods to increase biomass and pigment production yield, including the mechanisms associated with the microorganisms adaptative response to different light wavelengths. It also explores different methods reported to improve phycocyanin and phycoerythrin chemical stability and commercially available products.

Phycocyanin and phycoerythrin: Strategies to improve production yield and chemical stability

Background and Objectives: The cyanobacterium Spirulina also called blue green algae is a class of gram negative bacteria which possesses wide range of bioactive colored components as Phycocyanin, carotenoids and chlorophyll. Spirulina is one of the microalgae containing nutrients that have been used as a functional food in addition to therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical composition of Spirulina platensis biomass and its ethanolic and aqueous extracts, as well as, evaluate the antioxidant activities of the biomass, ethanolic, aqueous and the purified Phycocyanin.
Materials and Methods: The chemical compositions of Spirulina platensis were determined, as well as the antioxidant activity of extracts, Phycocyanin, Phycocyanopeptide and Phycocyanobilin using (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity.
Results: Results show that biomass has higher total proteins (49.72±0.508%), total carbohydrates (10.3±0.330%), moisture content (7.5±0.685%), lipids (7.2±0.105%) and Minerals (6.9±0.130%). In biomass, the total phenols (51.20±0.25 µg/mL) and flavonoids (97.73±1.858 µg/mL) were high compared to the ethanolic (49.48±0.130 and 69.07±1.814 µg/mL) and aqueous (15.27±0.639 and 4.67±0.611 µg/mL) extracts respectively. In the phenolic compounds, pyrogallol was identified as the major compound in biomass and aqueous extract (63.85 and 12.33%) respectively, E-vanillic acid in ethanolic (18.20 %), whereas, hespirdin (3.517 and1.639%) were major flavonoids found in aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The DPPH scavenging activity was found higher in ethanolic extract compared to aqueous while in bioactive, the order of antioxidant activity was Phycocyanin > Phycocyanobilin > Phycocyanopeptide.
Conclusions: The study data regarding to Spirulina nutritional value, makes Spirulina an excellent choice when formulating diets and combating malnutrition. Furthermore, it is a strong antioxidant and could be used as alternative treatments as anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory agent.

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Antioxidant Activities of Phycocyanin: A Bioactive Compound from Spirulina platensis

Physical extraction and extrusion entrapment of C-phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis

A novel nanocomposite for food packaging developed by electrospinning and electrospraying

The aim of this study was to obtain optimal condition of phycocyanin-alginate encapsulation, encapsulation efficiency and phycocyanin load, physicochemical properties of beads, in vitro release study, stability and antioxidant activity. The result product with alginate content 1,5% (w/v) and 2% (w/v) produced were in spherical shape than product with alginate content 2,5% (w/v) by ratio of phycocyanin 1:1. Increasing alginate content on encapsulation process will increase of encapsulation efficiency and phycocyanin load. In vitro released study showed that phycocyanin-alginate beads were more resistant in simulated gastric fluid, while rapidly release in simulated intestinal fluid. The antioxidant activity showed that phycocyanin antioxidant activity decreased after encapsulation process due to duration of storage and the possibility of a cracking which will cause reduced stability of phycocyanin.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/55/1/012030/pdf

Encapsulation of phycocyanin-alginate for high stability and antioxidant activity

Encapsulation is a coating process to improve the stability of bioactive compounds. Phycocyanin with high antioxidant activity has been encapsulated with chitosan in microcapsules form. In this study aims to determine the best conditions in the encapsulation process using the extrusion method, characterization of the physicochemical properties of the microcapsules, antioxidant activity test using DPPH, in vitro release performance and evaluate the storage stability against temperature. The results of the encapsulation process is obtained: Na-TPP is better than Na-citrate as crosslinker and chitosan content 3% as a coating with ratio of chitosan to phycocyanin ratio 1: 1. Test of antioxidant activity also showed encapsulation with chitosan content 3% has the highest antioxidant activity. Morphological analysis microcapsules were found to have compact spherical shape with diameter range 900-1000 µm. In vitro release testing showed a quick release in an acidic environment (SGF) for 2 hours and slowly release under alkaline conditions (SIF) for 8 hours under mechanical stirring at 37°C. Phycocyanin much more stable against temperature during storage in microcapsules.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/55/1/012052/pdf

Improvement of Stability and Antioxidant Activities by Using Phycocyanin - Chitosan Encapsulation Technique

The stability of phycocyanin extracted from microalgae Spirulina has been evaluated and it showed that the stability of this antioxidant was affected by temperature and pH changes. The encapsulation technique was of the alternatives to overcome this stability changes. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of coating materials (alginate and chitosan) during encapsulation by using extrusion technique. The experiments were conducted with variation of alginate as coating materials. The size of each microcapsules was evaluated by using SEM/XRD for its size and homogeneity.

The improvement of phycocyanin stability extracted from Spirulina sp using extrusion encapsulation technique

Ferrate(VI) ([FeO4]2−) is one of the innovative oxidation processes that has a strong oxidizing power. In this study, degradation of toluene has been examined using liquid sodium ferrate(VI...

Dian Majid

Papers

Encapsulation of phycocyanin-alginate for high stability and antioxidant activity

Improvement of Stability and Antioxidant Activities by Using Phycocyanin - Chitosan Encapsulation Technique

The improvement of phycocyanin stability extracted from Spirulina sp using extrusion encapsulation technique

Degradation of Toluene by Liquid Ferrate(VI) and Solid Ferrate(VI) in Aqueous Phase

Ferrate(VI) performance on the halogenated benzene degradation: Degradation test and by-product analysis