By using data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer publication Cancer Incidence in 5 Continents and GLOBOCAN, this report provides the first consolidated global estimation of the subsite distribution of new cases of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by country, sex, and age for the year 2012. Major geographically based, sex-based, and age-based variations in the incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite were observed. Lip cancers were highly frequent in Australia (associated with solar radiation) and in central and eastern Europe (associated with tobacco smoking). Cancers of the oral cavity and hypopharynx were highly common in south-central Asia, especially in India (associated with smokeless tobacco, bidi, and betel-quid use). Rates of oropharyngeal cancers were elevated in northern America and Europe, notably in Hungary, Slovakia, Germany, and France and were associated with alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and human papillomavirus infection. Nasopharyngeal cancers were most common in northern Africa and eastern/southeast Asia, indicative of genetic susceptibility combined with Epstein-Barr virus infection and early life carcinogenic exposures (nitrosamines and salted foods). The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers of 529,500, corresponding to 3.8% of all cancer cases, is predicted to rise by 62% to 856,000 cases by 2035 because of changes in demographics. Given the rising incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers and the variations in incidence by subsites across world regions and countries, there is a need for local, tailored approaches to prevention, screening, and treatment interventions that will optimally reduce the lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancer burden in future decades. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:51-64. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.3322/caac.21384

The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite in 2012.

https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(16)00488-7/pdf

The Growing Burden of Invasive Melanoma: Projections of Incidence Rates and Numbers of New Cases in Six Susceptible Populations through 2031.

Vitamin D and cancer.

/pdf/the-surgeon-general-s-call-to-action-to-prevent-skin-cancer-3vjyrwhxkg.pdf

The Surgeon General’s call to action to prevent skin cancer

Sunlight sustains life on earth. Sunlight is essential for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. The sun9s ultraviolet rays can be hazardous, however, because excessive exposure causes skin cancer and other adverse health effects. Skin cancer is a major public health problem; more than 2 million new cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) causes the 3 major forms of skin cancer: basal cell carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma; and cutaneous malignant melanoma. Exposure to UVR from sunlight and artificial sources early in life elevates the risk of developing skin cancer. Approximately 25% of sun exposure occurs before 18 years of age. The risk of skin cancer is increased when people overexpose themselves to sun and intentionally expose themselves to artificial sources of UVR. Public awareness of the risk is not optimal, compliance with sun protection is inconsistent, and skin-cancer rates continue to rise in all age groups including the younger population. People continue to sunburn, and teenagers and adults are frequent visitors to tanning parlors. Sun exposure and vitamin D status are intertwined. Adequate vitamin D is needed for bone health in children and adults. In addition, there is accumulating information suggesting a beneficial influence of vitamin D on various health conditions. Cutaneous vitamin D production requires sunlight, and many factors complicate the efficiency of vitamin D production that results from sunlight exposure. Ensuring vitamin D adequacy while promoting sun-protection strategies, therefore, requires renewed attention to evaluating the adequacy of dietary and supplemental vitamin D. Daily intake of 400 IU of vitamin D will prevent vitamin D deficiency rickets in infants. The vitamin D supplementation amounts necessary to support optimal health in older children and adolescents are less clear. This report updates information on the relationship of sun exposure to skin cancer and other adverse health effects, the relationship of exposure to artificial sources of UVR and skin cancer, sun-protection methods, vitamin D, community skin-cancer–prevention efforts, and the pediatrician9s role in preventing skin cancer. In addition to pediatricians9 efforts, a sustained public health effort is needed to change attitudes and behaviors regarding UVR exposure.

https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/127/3/e791.full.pdf

Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents.

Objective To compile current legislation of indoor tanning throughout the world and compare them with existing legislation found in 2003. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting International. Participants All nations with legislation regarding access to indoor tanning found through web-based Internet search. Main Outcome Measures Number of nations with legislation and changes to laws regarding access to indoor tanning since 2003. Results The number of countries with nationwide indoor tanning legislation restricting youth 18 years or younger increased from 2 countries in 2003 to 11 countries in 2011. Six states or territories in Australia restricted indoor tanning in all minors; a province and a region in Canada implemented youth tanning laws; and 8 states, in addition to 3 preexisting state laws, in the United States implemented indoor tanning legislation since 2003. Conclusion Since 2003, access to indoor tanning has become increasingly restricted around the world.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/articlepdf/1216974/dst120022_1006_1012.pdf

Legislation restricting access to indoor tanning throughout the world.

Objective To compare laws governing youth access to UV irradiation at indoor tanning facilities with laws governing youth access to tobacco. Design Tobacco and UV irradiation youth access laws were assessed via correspondence with public health offices and computerized legal searches of 6 industrialized nations with widely differing skin cancer incidence rates. Setting National, provincial, and state legal systems in Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Participants Public health, legal, information science, and medical professionals and government and tanning industry representatives. Main Outcome Measures Statutes specifying age restrictions for the purchase of indoor tanning services or tobacco products. Results The 5 English-speaking countries with common law–based legal systems unilaterally prohibit youth access to tobacco but rarely limit youth access to UV irradiation from tanning salons. Only very limited regions in the United States and Canada prohibit youth access to indoor tanning facilities: Texas, Illinois, Wisconsin, and New Brunswick prohibit tanning salon use by minors younger than 13, 14, 16, and 18 years, respectively. In contrast, French law allows minors to purchase tobacco but prohibits those younger than 18 years from patronizing tanning salons. Conclusions Youth access laws governing indoor tanning display remarkable variety. Uniform indoor tanning youth access laws modeled on the example of tobacco youth access laws merit consideration.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/articlepdf/479280/DST20114.pdf

Diane L. Burkhardt

Papers

Legislation restricting access to indoor tanning throughout the world.

Youth access laws: in the dark at the tanning parlor?

Indoor UV tanning youth access laws: update 2007.

2005: A banner year for new US youth access tanning restrictions.