Adaptive hypermedia is a new direction of research within the area of adaptive and user model-based interfaces. Adaptive hypermedia (AH) systems build a model of the individual user and apply it for adaptation to that user, for example, to adapt the content of a hypermedia page to the user's knowledge and goals, or to suggest the most relevant links to follow. AH systems are used now in several application areas where the hyperspace is reasonably large and where a hypermedia application is expected to be used by individuals with different goals, knowledge and backgrounds. This paper is a review of existing work on adaptive hypermedia. The paper is centered around a set of identified methods and techniques of AH. It introduces several dimensions of classification of AH systems, methods and techniques and describes the most important of them.

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Methods and techniques of adaptive hypermedia

Cognitive engineering

One distinctive feature of any adaptive system is the user model that represents essential information about each user This chapter complements other chapters of this book in reviewing user models and user modeling approaches applied in adaptive Web systems The presentation is structured along three dimensions: what is being modeled, how it is modeled, and how the models are maintained After a broad overview of the nature of the information presented in these various user models, the chapter focuses on two groups of approaches to user model representation and maintenance: the overlay approach to user model representation and the uncertainty-based approach to user modeling

User models for adaptive hypermedia and adaptive educational systems

Virtual Reality, Presence, and Attitude Change: Empirical Evidence from Tourism

User models have recently attracted much research interest in the field of artificial intelligence dialog systems. It has become evident that a flexible user-oriented dialog behavior of such systems can be realized only if the system disposes of a model of the user, containing assumptions about the user`s background knowledge as well as the user`s goals and plans in consulting the system. Research in the field of user models investigates how such assumptions can be automatically created, represented and exploited by the system in the course of an interaction with the user. This volume is the first survey pertaining to the field of user modeling. Most of the prominent international researchers in this area have contributed to this volume. Their papers are grouped into four sections: The introductory section contains a general view of the field as a whole, and a number of surveys of specific problems and techniques in user modeling. Sections two and three describe eight user modeling systems, with the focus lying on the automatic creation and exploitation of assumptions about the user respectively. The final section discusses several limits of current systems, and proposes solutions as to how some of the shortcomings might be overcome. In order to increase the quality and the coherency of the volume, each paper has been reviewed by all other contributors. Cross-references have been integrated wherever appropriate. All contributions are introduced in editorial prefaces pertaining to each section. A subject index and an extensive bibliography supplement the book.

http://www.dfki.de/wwdata/Publications/User_Models_in_Dialog_Systems.pdf

User Models in Dialog Systems

Computer systems which can automatically alter aspects of their functionality or interface to suit the needs of individuals or groups of users have appeared over the years in a variety of guises. Most recently, attention has focused on intelligent interface agents, which are seen as specialised, knowledge-based systems acting on behalf of the user in some aspect of the interaction. Similar requirements for automatic adaptation have been noted in intelligent tutoring systems, natural-language systems and intelligent interfaces. The paper brings together the research which has emanated from a number of backgrounds, and provides a unifying perspective on adaptive systems in general. An architecture for adaptive systems and a methodology for their development are presented. The paper also describes software support for producing adaptive systems, and offers some experimental evidence to justify both the desirability and feasibility of exploiting an adaptive system approach to human-computer interaction

Adaptive systems: from intelligent tutoring to autonomous agents

Since the early 1980's, intelligent and adaptive systems have appeared and have been written about in a variety of guises. Although there are many differences between such systems as adaptive user interfaces, intelligent help systems and explanation systems, there are many similarities as well. The most notable of these is that they all require user models to be maintained and exploited as part of their designs. Furthermore, they share the same high level architecture. This paper discusses the use of models in human-computer interaction design and offers a common architecture for these adaptive systems. A methodology for the development of these systems is presented.

Applying user modeling to human-computer interaction design

Our experience of using and interacting with the newest computer information technologies is profoundly affected by the extent to which we feel ourselves to be really ‘present’ in the computer-medi ...

Interacting with Presence. HCI and the Sense of Presence in Computer-mediated Environments

ABSTRACT We focus on designing systems which can adapt to individual differences in personality and cognitive style. To do so, we need to identify individual cognitive tind personality characteristics, validate them and discover appropriate design solutions to deal with such differences. These factors are long-term and relatively stable individual aptitudes and therefore arc difficult for humans to change. We believe that it is exactly these sort of differences with which adaptive systems should conccm themselves. We describe how we have approached identification of these characteristics and dcscribc how they were incorporated in an operational, though functionally quite simple system.

Developing adaptive systems to fit individual aptitudes

The argument for adaptivity in a system is developed and related to previous theoretical work on adaptive interface design. We attempt to integrate recent research findings with practical experimental trials to provide a new formalism for system adaptivity. The experimental vehicle is a small CBT/tutoring system which incorporates embedded models of individual characteristics and student information in the form of ‘stereotypic’ attributes and user profiles. We describe the system characteristics and operation, give our experimental results and detail future planned work. We discuss some of the implementation difficulties already encountered and those which we expect to be apparent in future systems.

Dianne Murray

Papers

Adaptive systems: from intelligent tutoring to autonomous agents

Applying user modeling to human-computer interaction design

Interacting with Presence. HCI and the Sense of Presence in Computer-mediated Environments

Developing adaptive systems to fit individual aptitudes

System adaptivity and the modelling of stereotypes