A review on control and fault-tolerant control systems of AC/DC microgrids.

Estimating photovoltaic power generation: Performance analysis of artificial neural networks, Support Vector Machine and Kalman filter

A novel strategy for dynamic identification in AC/DC microgrids based on ARX and Petri Nets

Fault location algorithms for transmission lines use the parameters of the transmission line to locate faults after the faults have occurred along the line. Although these parameters can be estimated by the phasor measurement units (PMUs) at the terminal(s) of the transmission line continuously, the uncertainty in the measurements will give rise to stochastic errors in the measured values. Thus, the uncertainty in measurements definitely influences the estimations of the parameters of the transmission line, which, in turn, influences the results of fault location algorithms. Inaccurate results of fault location algorithms may lead to costly maintenance fees and prolonged outage time. Therefore, in this article, we estimate the parameters of the transmission line considering the uncertainty in the measurements so that a more accurate fault location can be derived. The uncertainty in the measurements will be modeled as a stochastic distribution, and the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method will be adopted to reduce the uncertainty in the measurements. In addition, as an illustration, the telegrapher’s equations will be used to calculate the parameters of the transmission line, and the two-terminal positive sequence network fault location algorithm will be used to locate the fault. In a simulation, a case study of a real-life transmission line the influence of the uncertainty in the measurements on the transmission line parameter estimations and the effectiveness of the MLE method for estimations are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the influence of the uncertainty in the measurements on the positive sequence network fault location algorithm should not be neglected and that the proposed method is very effective in significantly reducing the influence of the uncertainty in the measurements. Note to Practitioners —The objective of this article is to address the significant effects of inaccuracies in the measurements for fault location determination in transmission lines in power systems. These inaccuracies increase the cost and duration of the search process for the actual fault location, and they, thus, also enlarge the outage duration and reduce the power system reliability. This article aims to analyze and reduce the influence of the uncertainties in the measurements in order to obtain a much more accurate fault location estimate when a fault has occurred along the transmission line. One of the key contributions of this article is the development of a model for the uncertainties in the measurements based on a confidence level and deviation bounds; this model can then be used if the information on the distributions of the uncertainties in the measurements is not available. Another key contribution is a maximum likelihood estimation method to estimate line parameters more accurately and consequently to reduce the influence of the uncertainties in the measurements on the fault location estimate.

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Influence of Measurement Uncertainty on Parameter Estimation and Fault Location for Transmission Lines

At present, energy distribution companies seek to improve service and implement alternatives to determine the capability of distribution system devices that allow to cover electric demand. This paper proposes a stochastic analysis to manage the demand response energy, depending on the voltage curve profiles established by historical measurements. The proposal is based on the stochastic prediction of energetic demand using Monte Carlo algorithms with Markov Chains (MCMC), from the analysis of the voltage profile as a deterministic variable. The analysis is associated with the prediction of the maximum power required to satisfy the peak demand period in distribution systems with predominance of residential load, also seeking the planning of the networks to increase efficiency, quality and reliability of power supply in peak hours, in order to reduce the contingencies in the operation of distribution networks in periods of peak demand, especially in systems where the residential load is predominant, which has been taking considerable growth, due to the insertion of electric cookers.

Analysis of voltage profile to determine energy demand using Monte Carlo algorithms and Markov Chains (MCMC)

This paper presents an optimization model based on minimum spanning tree required to deploy phasor measurement units PMU throughout the power system. Each candidate site for a PMU is placed at random from geo-referenced form and possible links between each release candidate site; therefore. The proposed algorithm allows to optimize the connections between each of the PMUs through the minimum spanning tree. The optimum placement of each PMU will facilitate failure analysis power system with the minimum cost for resources used. The work presented is based on the concept of smart grids seeking efficiency and reliability of the power system.

Minimal Deployment and Routing Geographic of PMUs on Electrical Power System based on MST Algorithm

Optimal transmission switching allows to make different types of analysis focused on improving the functionality of electrical power systems. The implementation of this method along with contingency analysis seek to increase the flexibility of the electrical system through changes in network topology and power flow redirection. In this article, an analysis is carried out about the impact of transmission line switching in terms of loadability and voltage angles. The optimal transmission switching model used is formulated using optimal DC power flows as a mixed-integer linear program problem. The research considers simple contingencies with the loss of at least one transmission line and it contrasts the results obtained in three scenarios; without contingencies and switching actions, optimal switching without contingencies and optimal switching after a contingency has occurred. The results obtained show a small number of unviable solutions prior to the implementation of switching actions. This exposes the clear possibility of applying line switching even when a contingency has occurred without losing load and keeping costs low.

Optimal Transmission Switching Considering N-1 Contingencies on Power Transmission Lines

With the growing interest in protecting the environment by using renewable energy sources as alternatives for power generation and its application in the concept of distributed generation, this research focuses on the comparison of the efficiency of each of components of photovoltaic systems, including grid-connected photovoltaic system to isolates. Using mathematical models that characterize each of the components getting itself to determine the key factors affecting the efficiency of each of the systems. And finally it was determined how to increase efficiency and reduce the value of the electrical losses in photovoltaic systems; to optimize solar resources in electricity generation.

Characterization and modeling of the efficiency of photovoltaic systems

In the present research, a methodology was developed to determine the faults location in transmission lines, a hybrid model was developed that combines the advantages of the Relief algorithm with those of the Wavelet Transform in the presence of a contingency. For this, the information of the voltage and current synchrophasors obtained from the PMUs deployed in the power electrical system is used so as to minimize the number of them and to maximize the observability of the electrical system by means of a mixed mixed linear programming (MILP). The proposed method was tested in the 9 and 14 IEEE test systems against contingencies, finding the line with problems and the distance at which the fault occurs.

Optimal fault location in transmission lines using hybrid method

This article refers to the different ways of generating electricity in distributed generation systems; it has generating micro-grids which need electricity management systems. Distributed generation has become the best alternative to reduce energy consumption in buildings and also to generate additional income. The importance of generating electricity from their own buildings has made the human being will develop various devices to take advantage of different and varied energies, the most common are solar and wind energy. The use of movement of static machine to exercise is a new source for generating electricity, it was underutilized and it is therefore necessary to carry out a study to check how it is their behavior in a micro grid and energy management system. At the end, a study will give a starting point for future research in relation to distributed generation using static machines for exercises.

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Diego Carrion

Papers

Minimal Deployment and Routing Geographic of PMUs on Electrical Power System based on MST Algorithm

Optimal Transmission Switching Considering N-1 Contingencies on Power Transmission Lines

Characterization and modeling of the efficiency of photovoltaic systems

Optimal fault location in transmission lines using hybrid method

Generación distribuida a partir de bicicletas estáticas y sistemas híbridos