Offering a fresh, revisionist analysis of Spanish fiction from 1900 to 1940, this study examines the work of both men and women writers and how they practiced differing forms of modernism. As Roberta Johnson notes, Spanish male novelists emphasized technical and verbal innovation in representing the contents of an individual consciousness and thus were more modernist in the usual understanding of the term. Female writers, on the other hand, were less aesthetically innovative but engaged in a social modernism that focused on domestic issues, gender roles, and relations between the sexes. Compared to the more conventional--even reactionary--ways their male counterparts treated such matters, Spanish women's fiction in the first half of the twentieth century was often revolutionary.The book begins by tracing the history of public discourse on gender from the 1890s through the 1930s, a discourse that included the rise of feminism. Each chapter then analyzes works by female and male novelists that address key issues related to gender and nationalism: the concept of intrahistoria, or an essential Spanish soul; modernist uses of figures from the Spanish literary tradition, notably Don Quixote and Don Juan; biological theories of gender prevalent in the 1920s and 1930s; and the growth of an organized feminist movement that coincided with the burgeoning Republican movement.This is the first book dealing with this period of Spanish literature to consider women novelists, such as Maria Martinez Sierra, Carmen de Burgos, and Concha Espina, alongside canonical male novelists, including Miguel de Unamuno, Ramon del Valle-Inclan, and Pio Baroja. With its contrasting conceptions of modernism, Johnson's work provides a compelling new model for bridging the gender divide in the study of Spanish fiction.

Gender and Nation in the Spanish Modernist Novel

The empiric data of this research, developed on a Spanish speech community show the social progression on the use of pronoun tu, even in formal contexts reserved so far to the form usted. On the other hand, the paper considers the possibility of the dicotomic alternation between those pronouns of address in contemporary Spanish as an expression of two classes of politeness: positive politeness and negative politeness (Brown & Levinson 1987). The aim of sociolinguistics and other related disciplines is to analyses the psychological, social and contextual factors that may move individuals and social groups to choose one model of address or another. Some speakers, like younger people or women, especially in non instrumental speech events and situations, have a significant correlation with the use of tu in the speech community studied in the paper.

/pdf/tu-y-usted-dos-pronombres-de-cortesia-en-el-espanol-actual-3hd7txr866.pdf

Tú y usted: dos pronombres de cortesía en el español actual. Datos de una comunidad peninsular

Forms of Address: The Effect of the Context

The anthropologist Boas has claimed that in order to understand what shapes a people's cultural values, one must study in detail the way this people uses language. This study of Latvian ways of speaking seeks to prove the validity of this claim. More specifically, it addresses the two-part question: what is distinctive about the ways Latvian-speakers use Latvian and what can be learnt about Latvians from examining their language use? The introduction begins with a brief summary of the historical background of the Latvian people and language, referring to the connection between historico-geographical facts and distinctive national traits. There follows an overview of a number of works that have addressed various aspects of Latvian language behaviour. The author then goes on to explain what is meant by 'ways of speaking', pointing out that for the purposes of the present study this phrase refers to four areas of Latvian language behaviour: using forms of address, expressing feelings and attitudes, beginning and concluding episodes of social interaction and getting people to do things. Descriptions of these behaviours are based on several kinds of data: examples of directly observed utterances, examples of utterances from written sources including literary works and examples of utterances elicited from respondents via questionnaires. In order to show how Latvian linguistic structures encode Latvian socio-cultural values and what is distinctive about them, it is important to be able to say what these structures mean in a way that is free of ethnocentric bias. For this reason, semantic descriptions or parts of descriptions are proposed in 'natural semantic language' (NSM, for short), consisting of a metalexicon of approximately 50 hypothetical conceptual primitives (such as: 'want', 'I', 'you', 'think', 'feel'), presumed to be universal. Before embarking on her descriptions and analyses, the author briefly refers to significant works in the background literature of cr9ss-cultural pragmatics. Chapter one (Using address forms) examines the use of both non-pronominal and pronominal forms of address. Among the non-pronominal forms discussed are names, titles, kin terms and their various combinations. In the section on pronominal address, the focus is on the two singular address pronouns: tu and jus. Unwritten rules of use are discussed, including strategies of avoidance when pronoun choice is difficult. Address form 'hybrids', such as first names used with the 'formal' address pronoun, are discussed. The first part of Chapter two (Beginning and ending episodes of social interaction) discusses Latvian 'greeting' and 'farewelling' formulae. It shows how the absence or the abbreviated utterance of an expected formula can have social meaning. In the section on boundary-marking formulae in person-to-group speech events, the author explains why the Latvian Damas un kungi 'Ladies and gentlemen' has a much more restricted field of use than its counterpart in English. In part three, formulae used to begin and end letters are shown to act in Latvian as conveyors of the writer's feelings and attitudes to the addressee to a far greater extent than they do in English, where 'Dear X' and 'Yours sincerely' are appropriate ways of beginning and ending a letter in a large variety of contexts. Chapter three (Communicating feelings and attitudes) analyses the Latvian use of the so-called 'diminutive' suffixes. Contrary to what is implied in a number of traditional grammars which label suffixes of this type as pamazinamas 'diminutive' ·and/or milinamas 'of endearment', these suffixes can convey the idea of 'big' rather than 'little' and 'bad feelings' rather than 'good feelings'. In Chapter four (Getting people to do things) the author examines Latvian directive behaviour. After a preliminary discussion of the term 'directive' in the first part of the chapter, a number of Latvian strategies for conveying the message 'I want you to do something' are described and analysed. In the third part of the chapter, the approach used is a departure from the qualitatively-based one used through most of the present study. In order to highlight certain features of directive utterances in Latvian, the author has focused on the quantitative aspects of data elicited by means of a questionnaire, comparing results obtained from both Latvian-speakers in Riga and English-speakers in Canberra. The main conclusion summarizes the distinctive Latvian characteristics emerging from the study. These include the value attached to the expression of good feelings and the importance attached to kin and kin relationships. Speaker-focused rather than hearerfocused ways of 'directing' point to an area where Latvian behaviour can be called 'individualist'; on the whole, however, Latvians are probably closer to 'collectivist' on Triandis' continuum of 'individualist' and 'collectivist' cultures. Conventions and abbreviations AA Anglo-Australian ACC accusative case addr. pron. address pronoun ADJ adjective ADV adverb AL Australian Latvian (to do with the Latvian community in Australia) COND conditional DAT dative case def. definite DIM diminutive f. feminine FN first name FUT future tense GEN genitive case IMP imperative ind. indefinite IND indicative INT interrogative KTkin term LL 'Latvian' Latvian (to do with the Latvian community in Latvija) LOC locative case LV -Latvian L VV Latviesu valodas vardnica m. masculine MLLVG Musdienu latviesu literaras valodas gramatika NOM nominative case NP noun phrase NSM natural semantic metalanguage oblig. obligation marker OTHother p. person, personal p.c. personal communication p.o. personal observation PEJ pejorative pl. plural PREF prefix PRES present tense IX

Latvian ways of speaking and their cultural implications

El presente estudio pretende demostrar caracteristicas peculiares de la cronica periodistica, un genero poco estudiado por la periodistica. Procura, ademas, desvelar la forma en que se han moldeado influencias a dicho genero por parte de disciplinas tan disimiles como la historia y la literatura. Esto con la finalidad de ver cuales son las exigencias que estipula la profesion, para definir acorde y utilmente a la cronica sin desentonar con los nuevos tiempos. Como se observara, sera inexcusable ir deshaciendo algunos errores conceptuales que han tenido larga pervivencia en la doctrina.Palabras clave: Periodismo, cronica periodistica. This study tries to demonstrate the peculiar characteristics of journalistic chronicle. It also aims to reveal the way in which influences from other disciplines such as history and literature adjust to this not so studied genre of journalism. The final purpose is determining the demands stipulated by the profession to give a useful definition of chronic that matches with new times. Some conceptual errors that had prevailed in the doctrine will be eliminated along the reading.Key words: Journalism, journalistic chronicle.

/pdf/la-cronica-periodistica-evolucion-desarrollo-y-nueva-3rr3ocl9bw.pdf

Diego Marin

Papers

El uso de "tu" y "usted" en el espanol actual

Uso y función de la versificación dramática en Lope de Vega

Breve historia de la literatura espanola

La civilizacion espanola, panorama historico

LA Vida Espanola