Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2013, WCE 2013

Security in wireless ad hoc networks

Optical fibers are utilized widely for data transmission systems because of their capacity to carry extensive information and dielectric nature. Network architectures utilizing multiple wavelengths per optical fiber are used in central, metropolitan, or broad‐area applications to link thousands of users with a vast range of transmission speeds and capacities. A powerful feature of an optical communication link is sending several wavelengths through the 1300‐to‐1600‐ nm range of a fibre simultaneously. The technology of integrating several wavelengths onto a similar fiber is called wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). The principle of WDM utilized in concurrence with optical amplifiers has an outcome in communication links that permit rapid communications among users in the world's countries. This paper presents an overview of the challenges of fibre optic Review Article Kareem et al.; AJRCOS, 7(4): 48-58, 2021; Article no.AJRCOS.67395 49 communication. This paper offers an outline of the areas to be the most relevant for the future advancement of optical communications. The invention of integrated optics and modern optical fibers takes place in the field of optical equipment and components.

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A Survey of Optical Fiber Communications: Challenges and Processing Time Influences

Cellular base stations (BSs) powered by renewable energy like solar power have emerged as a promising solution to address the issues of reducing the carbon footprint of the telecom industry as well as the operational cost associated with powering the BSs. This paper considers a network of off-grid solar-powered BSs and addresses two key challenges while operating them: first is avoiding energy outages and second is ensuring reliable quality of service (in terms of the network latency). In order to do so, the problem of minimizing the network latency given the constrained energy availability at the BSs is formulated. Unlike existing literature which have addressed this problem using user-association reconfiguration or BS on/off strategies, we address the problem by proposing an intelligent algorithm for allocating the harvested green energy over time, and green energy and delay aware downlink power control and user association. Using a real BS deployment scenario, we show the efficacy of our methodology and demonstrate its superior performance compared to existing benchmarks.

Green Energy and Delay Aware Downlink Power Control and User Association for Off-Grid Solar-Powered Base Stations

Over the past decades, the development of fibre optic cables, which pass light waves carrying data guided by total internal reflection, has led to advances in high-speed and long-distance communication, large data transmission, optical imaging, and sensing applications. Thus far, fibre optic sensors (FOSs) have primarily been employed in engineering, biomedicine, and basic sciences, with few reports of their usage in geophysics as point and distributed sensors. This work aimed at reviewing the studies on the use of FOSs in geophysical applications with their fundamental principles and technological improvements. FOSs based on Rayleigh, Brillouin, and Raman scatterings and fibre Bragg grating sensors are reviewed based on their sensing performance comprising sensing range, spatial resolution, and measurement parameters. The recent progress in applying distributed FOSs to detect acoustic, temperature, pressure, and strain changes, as either single or multiple parameters simultaneously on surface and borehole survey environments with their cable deployment techniques, has been systematically reviewed. Despite the development of fibre optic sensor technology and corresponding experimental reports of applications in geophysics, there have not been attempts to summarise and synthesise fibre optic methods for prospecting as a comprehensive and modern branch of geophysics. Therefore, this paper outlines the fibre optic prospecting methods, with an emphasis on their advantages, as a guide for the geophysical community. The potential of the new outlined fibre optic prospecting methods to revolutionise conventional geophysical approaches is discussed. Finally, the future challenges and limitations of the new prospecting methods for geophysical applications are elucidated.

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Fibre Optic Methods of Prospecting: A Comprehensive and Modern Branch of Geophysics

Fiber optic systems are important telecommunication
infrastructure for world-wide broadband networks. Wide
bandwidth signal transmission with low delay is a key
requirement in present day applications. Optical fibers provide
enormous and unsurpassed transmission bandwidth with
negligible latency, and are now the transmission medium of
choice for long distance and high data rate transmission in
telecommunication networks. This paper gives an overview of
fiber optic communication systems including their key
technologies, and also discusses their technological trend towards
the next generation.

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Future Trends in Fiber Optics Communication

Improved Quality of Service and cost reduction are important issues affecting the telecommunication industry. Companies such as Airtel, Glo etc believe that the solar powered cellular base stations are capable of transforming the Nigerian communication industry due to their low cost, reliability, and environmental friendliness. Currently, there are several research efforts directed on the use of solar power in the Nigerian telecommunication industry. In this paper, the importance of solar energy as a renewable energy source for cellular base stations is analyzed. Also, simulation software PVSYST6.0.7 is used to obtain an estimate of the cost of generation of solar power for cellular base stations. The simulations were carried out for the Grid-Connected and the Stand-Alone solar power systems by using Benin City, Nigeria as a case study. The PVSYST6.0.7 simulation results shows that the power generation costs for the grid connected solar powered system is less when compared to standalone solar powered system in Benin City, Nigeria

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Analysis Of Telecom Base Stations Powered By Solar Energy

refers to the amount of data that can be transmitted in a specific time over a wireless or wired medium. It is an important factor that is used to analyze network performance, design new networks, and understand the internet. Multi- protocol label switching (MPLS) originated from tag switching and enables the consolidation of applications onto a single network whilst providing the mechanism to prioritize the latency of individual applications within application classes. It is a more efficient way to transfer data between wide area networks and thus helps to reduce cost and increase bandwidth, throughput and reliability. In this paper we demonstrated by simulation experiment that MPLS-TE can help decongest routing path thereby ensuring improved network performance by reducing the traffic on a network segment, and increasing network throughput and reliability. KeywordsLatency, Local Area Network, MPLS/TE, Throughput

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Improvement of Quality of Service (QOS) over a Wide Area Network (WAN) Using Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE)

Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardizes an Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) as air interface in its release 8 LTE. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ( OFDMA) and Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access(SC-FDMA)are key technologies for the air interface of mobile broadband systems.It is evident that mobile broadband access technologies are reaching a commonality in the air interface and networking architecture; they are being converged to an IP-based network architecture with OFDMA based air interface technology. The air interface of E-UTRAN is based on OFDMA in downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink, making it possible to efficiently utilize bandwidth due to the orthogonally between sub-carriers and by assigning subsets of sub-carriers to individual users which allows for simultaneous data rate transmission from several users and differentiated quality of service for each user. In this paper, wehighlight the technologies behindOFDMA and SC-FDMA and also carry out performance comparison of the two air interface technologies. We brieflydescribe the 3GPP LTE standard, and its implementation using OFDMA and SC-FDMA technology.

Multiple-Access Technology of Choice In 3GPP LTE

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is of great importance to almost all aspects of oil and gas operations,
from upstream to downstream operations. ICTs help to optimize oil and gas processes and thus improves the efficiency
and viability of oil and gas operations. This paper presents the core areas of application of ICTs in the oil and gas industry
using Nigeria’s oil and gas industry as a case study.

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Dike Ike

Papers

Future Trends in Fiber Optics Communication

Analysis Of Telecom Base Stations Powered By Solar Energy

Improvement of Quality of Service (QOS) over a Wide Area Network (WAN) Using Multiprotocol Label Switching Traffic Engineering (MPLS-TE)

Multiple-Access Technology of Choice In 3GPP LTE

Impact of ICT in Oil and Gas Exploration: A Case Study