다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

The growing packing density and power consumption of very large scale integration (VLSI) circuits have made thermal effects one of the most important concerns of VLSI designers The increasing variability of key process parameters in nanometer CMOS technologies has resulted in larger impact of the substrate and metal line temperatures on the reliability and performance of the devices and interconnections Recent data shows that more than 50% of all integrated circuit failures are related to thermal issues This paper presents a brief discussion of key sources of power dissipation and their temperature relation in CMOS VLSI circuits, and techniques for full-chip temperature calculation with special attention to its implications on the design of high-performance, low-power VLSI circuits The paper is concluded with an overview of techniques to improve the full-chip thermal integrity by means of off-chip versus on-chip and static versus adaptive methods

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Thermal Modeling, Analysis, and Management in VLSI Circuits: Principles and Methods

Independent and stationary sequences of random variables

Nowadays, the railway industry is in a position where it is able to exploit the opportunities created by the IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) and enabling communication technologies under the paradigm of Internet of Trains. This review details the evolution of communication technologies since the deployment of GSM-R, describing the main alternatives and how railway requirements, specifications and recommendations have evolved over time. The advantages of the latest generation of broadband communication systems (e.g., LTE, 5G, IEEE 802.11ad) and the emergence of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) for the railway environment are also explained together with the strategic roadmap to ensure a smooth migration from GSM-R. Furthermore, this survey focuses on providing a holistic approach, identifying scenarios and architectures where railways could leverage better commercial IIoT capabilities. After reviewing the main industrial developments, short and medium-term IIoT-enabled services for smart railways are evaluated. Then, it is analyzed the latest research on predictive maintenance, smart infrastructure, advanced monitoring of assets, video surveillance systems, railway operations, Passenger and Freight Information Systems (PIS/FIS), train control systems, safety assurance, signaling systems, cyber security and energy efficiency. Overall, it can be stated that the aim of this article is to provide a detailed examination of the state-of-the-art of different technologies and services that will revolutionize the railway industry and will allow for confronting today challenges.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/17/6/1457/pdf

Towards the Internet of Smart Trains: A Review on Industrial IoT-Connected Railways

This paper discusses key aspects of the four most popular industrial wireless sensor network standards: ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and WIA-PA. The detailed design and protocol architectures are comparatively examined. The uniqueness of each standard is highlighted and justifications for their design are provided. Similarities and differences among these standards at each protocol layer are compared. With consideration of the scopes and the limitations of these standards, the suitability of these standards to meet the industrial requirements has also been examined.

Comparative Examination on Architecture and Protocol of Industrial Wireless Sensor Network Standards

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a powerful concept still in its infancy that has the potential, if utilised responsibly, to provide a vehicle for positive change that could promote sustainable transitions to a more resource-efficient livability paradigm. AI with its deep learning functions and capabilities can be employed as a tool which empowers machines to solve problems that could reform urban landscapes as we have known them for decades now and help with establishing a new era; the era of the “smart city”. One of the key areas that AI can redefine is transport. Mobility provision and its impact on urban development can be significantly improved by the employment of intelligent transport systems in general and automated transport in particular. This new breed of AI-based mobility, despite its machine-orientation, has to be a user-centred technology that “understands” and “satisfies” the human user, the markets and the society as a whole. Trust should be built, and risks should be eliminated, for this transition to take off. This paper provides a novel conceptual contribution that thoroughly discusses the scarcely studied nexus of AI, transportation and the smart city and how this will affect urban futures. It specifically covers key smart mobility initiatives referring to Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), autonomous Personal and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (PAVs and UAVs) and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS), but also interventions that may work as enabling technologies for transport, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and Physical Internet (PI) or reflect broader transformations like Industry 4.0. This work is ultimately a reference tool for researchers and city planners that provides clear and systematic definitions of the ambiguous smart mobility terms of tomorrow and describes their individual and collective roles underpinning the nexus in scope.

Artificial Intelligence, Transport and the Smart City: Definitions and Dimensions of a New Mobility Era

In the present work, a new monolithic capacitive pressure sensor is being introduced. The sensor is manufactured according to a custom, 15-step SOI process. The process primarily offers great flexibility as far as sensor design is concerned. Absolute or differential pressure sensing is possible by simply arranging proper sensor package. Measurement sensitivity and span are easily regulated over a wide range of values by setting one-single design parameter. Attention is paid to avoid p–n junction formation in order to improve the sensor robustness against temperature increase and allow high-temperature post-processing without doping profile degradation. The presented design allows the implementation of an ordinary p-well CMOS post-process. Sensitivity of 2 mV/kPa, within a span of 180 kPa (2%) and a bandwidth of 25 kHz, is achievable by means of a CMOS switched-capacitor ASIC that is developed and presented here. Significant care has been taken for the ASIC performance to depend as less as possible on CMOS process and transistor-parameter variations that increase due to poor uniformity of the transistor substrate. Moreover, a state-of-the-art design is implemented for the circuit to provide robustness against parasitic capacitance s connected in parallel with sensing capacitors. Implementation of additional analog signal processing improves the aforementioned accuracy at a significant extend. The sensors main applications include medical devices such as sphygmomanometers and respirators that require high reliability and biocompatibility. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A new SOI monolithic capacitive sensor for absolute and differential pressure measurements

A switched-capacitor integrated system is presented in this work that attains sub-fF measurement resolution in integrated capacitive sensors, with 1.5-kHz bandwidth and 50-muW average power consumption in continuous function mode. The proposed design employs a pair of nonoverlapping clocks and an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) that can be made as simple as a basic differential pair. The system exhibits 0.8% linearity error and 0.01 fF/degC temperature drift. It is appropriate for differential, absolute, and ratiometric capacitance measurements, and shows robustness against interconnection parasitics, transistor dimensional mismatch, and process variations, which are an important feature in the case of sensor-die CMOS postprocessing

A low-power/low-noise readout circuit for integrated capacitive sensors

Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) are extensively used for gathering meteorological and climatic data. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) provides publications with guidelines for the implementation, installation, and usages of these stations. Nowadays, in the new era of the Internet of Things, there is an ever-increasing necessity for the implementation of automatic observing systems that will provide scientists with the real-time data needed to design and apply proper environmental policy. In this paper, an extended review is performed regarding the technologies currently used for the implementation of Automatic Weather Stations. Furthermore, we also present the usage of new emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things, Edge Computing, Deep Learning, LPWAN, etc. in the implementation of future AWS-based observation systems. Finally, we present a case study and results from a testbed AWS (project AgroComp) developed by our research team. The results include test measurements from low-cost sensors installed on the unit and predictions provided by Deep Learning algorithms running locally.

Low-Cost Automatic Weather Stations in the Internet of Things

Industrial asset lifecycle management is facing pressing demands to rationalize asset usage in parallel with meeting production, quality, safety, environment and cost-efficiency constraints. The introduction of enabling technologies, within an e-Maintenance framework is a significant contributor to this end. Among the key relevant technological factors are web-based maintenance services, wireless sensing and identification technologies, data and services integration and interoperability, as well as mobile and contextualized computing. Within such a framework, a layered e-Maintenance architecture is introduced, leveraging upon the strengths of smart and wireless components in order to upgrade the maintenance-services from the low level of operations, to the higher levels of planning and decision making.

Dimitris Karampatzakis

Papers

Artificial Intelligence, Transport and the Smart City: Definitions and Dimensions of a New Mobility Era

A new SOI monolithic capacitive sensor for absolute and differential pressure measurements

A low-power/low-noise readout circuit for integrated capacitive sensors

Low-Cost Automatic Weather Stations in the Internet of Things

A layered e-maintenance architecture powered by smart wireless monitoring components