Stream-flow forecasting using extreme learning machines: a case study in a semi-arid region in Iraq

The 21st century will witness the collision of two powerful forces, burgeoning population growth, together with a changing climate. With population growth, water scarcity will proliferate to new areas across the globe. And with climate change, rainfall will become more fickle, with longer and deeper periods of droughts and deluges. This report presents new evidence to advance understanding on how rainfall shocks coupled with water scarcity, impacts farms, firms, and families. On farms, the largest consumers of water in the world, impacts are channeled from declining yields to changing landscapes. In cities, water extremes especially when combined with unreliable infrastructure can stall firm production, sales, and revenue. At the center of this are families, who feel the impacts of this uncertainty on their incomes, jobs, and long-term health and welfare. Although a rainfall shock may be fleeting, its consequences can become permanent and shape the destiny of those who experience it. Pursuing business as usual will lead many countries down a “parched path” where droughts shape destinies. Avoiding this misery in slow motion will call for fundamental changes to water policy around the globe. Building resilience to rainfall variability will require using different policy instruments to address the multifaceted nature of water. A key message of this report is that water has multiple economic attributes, each of which entail distinct policy responses. If water is not managed more prudently, from source, to tap, and back to source, the crises observed today will become the catastrophes of tomorrow.

Uncharted Waters: The New Economics of Water Scarcity and Variability

Managing the water-energy-food nexus: Opportunities in Central Asia

Water resources at the basin level are affected by climate change in the form of available water scarcity and multiple droughts leading to conflicts among different water users, especially between the agricultural sector and wetland services. However, owing to the multidimensional and multi-scalar nature of water management and climate change, it is needed to integrate tools to analyze impacts and adaptation. Accordingly, the current study presents an economic-hydrological-behavioral modeling to evaluate potential effects of climate change and adaptation strategies on irrigated agriculture and to manage water resources conflicts among different water users and uses in basins. This model has an iterative framework between a farm-based multi-objectives optimization model, a water evaluating and planning model (WEAP), and an agent-based model, which can represent socio-economic, hydrologic, agronomic and behavioral systems covering all dimensions and scales related to climate change. For this purpose, the economic-hydrological-behavioral modelling was applied in a case study in the Halilrud Basin in Kerman Province, Iran. Results revealed that adoption of suitable adaptive strategies and measures could mitigate the effects of climate change and provide more water to restore the Jazmourian Wetland in this basin. Additionally, the results indicated that different forms of rigidity in the individual behavior of farmers slowed down the adaptation of the agricultural sector, so that implementation of adaptive strategies led to only 14% less water consumption.

Water Conflict Management between Agriculture and Wetland under Climate Change: Application of Economic-Hydrological-Behavioral Modelling

Irrigation infrastructure and water appropriation rules for food security

Climate variability and population growth have intensified the search internationally for measures to adapt to fluctuations in water supplies. An example can be found in the lower part of the transboundary Tigris-Euphrates Basin where water shortages in 2008-2009 resulted in high economic costs to irrigation farmers. Losses to irrigators in the lower basin have made a compelling case to identify flexible methods to adapt to water shortage. Few published studies have systematically examined ways to enhance the flexibility of water appropriation systems to adapt to water shortage. This article addresses an ongoing challenge in water governance by examining how profitability at both the farm and basin levels is affected by various water appropriation systems. Four water appropriation systems are compared for impacts on farm income under each of three water supply scenarios. Results show that a (1) proportional sharing of water shortages among provinces and (2) unrestricted water trading rank as the top two appropriation systems. The shadow price of water for irrigation rises from zero at a full water supply level to US$93/1,000 m3 when supply falls to 20% of full levels. Similar methods could be used to analyze challenges facing the design or implementation of water appropriation systems in the world's irrigated regions.

Water Appropriation Systems for Adapting to Water Shortages in Iraq

Economic optimization to guide climate water stress adaptation.

Protecting food security when facing uncertain climate: Opportunities for Afghan communities

Managing food-ecosystem synergies to sustain water resource systems.

The mother's body undergoes several changes in all organ of the bodily systems to stimulate the growth and development of the fetus; hence, the clinical laboratory play an important role in the management of pregnant women. A total number of 90 sample were (60 pregnant and 30 control) from the general women population that were referrals from al-Ramadi of obstetrician – gynecologist hospital in the period November 2021 to June 2022.  The result of statistical analysis of the present study showed there were no significantly differences between age of pregnant and control group  and the gestation period time the pregnant women was 15 % in 1st trimester of gestation, 35 % in 2nd trimester of gestation and 50 % in 3rd trimester of gestation , in addition complete peripheral blood count  examination ( leukocytes , Neutrophils , Lymphocytes ,Erythrocytes , Hemoglobin , Hematocrit ,  and Platelet) revealed significantly lower rates of pregnancy compared to the control group while (Neutrophil) were revealed significantly increase between pregnant and  control group. 

https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6ns6.12017

Dina A. Salman

Papers

Water Appropriation Systems for Adapting to Water Shortages in Iraq

Economic optimization to guide climate water stress adaptation.

Protecting food security when facing uncertain climate: Opportunities for Afghan communities

Managing food-ecosystem synergies to sustain water resource systems.

Physiological, hematological and some biochemical alterations during pregnancy