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Regularization Of Inverse Problems

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

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Two Dimensional Phase Unwrapping Theory Algorithms And Software

Inflammatory cardiomyopathy, characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration into the myocardium and a high risk of deteriorating cardiac function, has a heterogeneous aetiology. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy is predominantly mediated by viral infection, but can also be induced by bacterial, protozoal or fungal infections as well as a wide variety of toxic substances and drugs and systemic immune-mediated diseases. Despite extensive research, inflammatory cardiomyopathy complicated by left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure or arrhythmia is associated with a poor prognosis. At present, the reason why some patients recover without residual myocardial injury whereas others develop dilated cardiomyopathy is unclear. The relative roles of the pathogen, host genomics and environmental factors in disease progression and healing are still under discussion, including which viruses are active inducers and which are only bystanders. As a consequence, treatment strategies are not well established. In this Review, we summarize and evaluate the available evidence on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy, with a special focus on virus-induced and virus-associated myocarditis. Furthermore, we identify knowledge gaps, appraise the available experimental models and propose future directions for the field. The current knowledge and open questions regarding the cardiovascular effects associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are also discussed. This Review is the result of scientific cooperation of members of the Heart Failure Association of the ESC, the Heart Failure Society of America and the Japanese Heart Failure Society.

/pdf/myocarditis-and-inflammatory-cardiomyopathy-current-evidence-57ugbz6g3z.pdf

Myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy: current evidence and future directions.

Purpose
To develop a novel framework for free-breathing MRI called XD-GRASP, which sorts dynamic data into extra motion-state dimensions using the self-navigation properties of radial imaging and reconstructs the multidimensional dataset using compressed sensing.

Methods
Radial k-space data are continuously acquired using the golden-angle sampling scheme and sorted into multiple motion-states based on respiratory and/or cardiac motion signals derived directly from the data. The resulting undersampled multidimensional dataset is reconstructed using a compressed sensing approach that exploits sparsity along the new dynamic dimensions. The performance of XD-GRASP is demonstrated for free-breathing three-dimensional (3D) abdominal imaging, two-dimensional (2D) cardiac cine imaging and 3D dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI of the liver, comparing against reconstructions without motion sorting in both healthy volunteers and patients.

Results
XD-GRASP separates respiratory motion from cardiac motion in cardiac imaging, and respiratory motion from contrast enhancement in liver DCE-MRI, which improves image quality and reduces motion-blurring artifacts.

Conclusion
XD-GRASP represents a new use of sparsity for motion compensation and a novel way to handle motions in the context of a continuous acquisition paradigm. Instead of removing or correcting motion, extra motion-state dimensions are reconstructed, which improves image quality and also offers new physiological information of potential clinical value. Magn Reson Med 75:775–788, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

XD-GRASP: Golden-angle radial MRI with reconstruction of extra motion-state dimensions using compressed sensing.

The purpose of this work was to develop an acquisition and reconstruction technique for two- and three-directional (2d and 3d) phase-contrast flow MRI in real time. A previous real-time MRI technique for one-directional (1d) through-plane flow was extended to 2d and 3d flow MRI by introducing in-plane flow sensitivity. The method employs highly undersampled radial FLASH sequences with sequential acquisitions of two or three flow-encoding datasets and one flow-compensated dataset. Echo times are minimized by merging the waveforms of flow-encoding and radial imaging gradients. For each velocity direction individually, model-based reconstructions by regularized nonlinear inversion jointly estimate an anatomical image, a set of coil sensitivities and a phase-contrast velocity map directly. The reconstructions take advantage of a dynamic phase reference obtained by interpolating consecutive flow-compensated acquisitions. Validations include pulsatile flow phantoms as well as in vivo studies of the human aorta at 3 T. The proposed method offers cross-sectional 2d and 3d flow MRI of the human aortic arch at 53 and 67 ms resolution, respectively, without ECG synchronization and during free breathing. The in-plane resolution was 1.5 × 1.5 mm2 and the slice thickness 6 mm. In conclusion, real-time multi-directional flow MRI offers new opportunities to study complex human blood flow without the risk of combining differential phase (i.e., velocity) information from multiple heartbeats as for ECG-gated data. The method would benefit from a further reduction of acquisition time and accelerated computing to allow for extended clinical trials.

Real‐time multi‐directional flow MRI using model‐based reconstructions of undersampled radial FLASH – A feasibility study

Objective The functional role of the glottis in brass performance is poorly understood and controversial, particularly with respect to pedagogy. Technological limitations have prevented the non-invasive, systematic study of the glottis in the past, but developments in real-time magnetic resonance imaging (RT-MRI) allow representations of glottal movement during performance on a MRI-compatible horn to be recorded and quantified. Methods We present RT-MRI data obtained on 6 advanced-level horn players from serial images acquired at an acquisition time of 33.3 ms as they performed sustained note exercises on three notes (concert Eb2, Eb4, and Bb4) at each of three dynamics (pp, mf, and ff) and a staccato exercise. An advanced-level trumpet player was also studied performing a modification of the staccato exercise designed to minimize vertical movement of the larynx. Glottal movements and positions in the coronal plane were analyzed using a customized MATLAB toolkit. Results In sustained note playing, there is a significant influence of dynamic on the degree of glottal adduction/abduction. There is greater adduction with softer notes, and greater abduction with louder notes. In slow staccato playing, glottal closure accompanies the cessation of each note and persists until iteration of the next note in the sequence. Conclusions We demonstrate that RT-MRI provides a suitable method to identify and quantify glottal movement during horn playing. We further show that there is a direct relationship between dynamic level and glottal adduction/abduction, and that the glottis is involved in performing notes during slow staccato playing.

/pdf/movements-of-the-glottis-during-horn-performance-a-pilot-4d1mutbtrm.pdf

Movements of the Glottis During Horn Performance: A Pilot Study.

It has been suggested that the development of contrastive vowel nasality in VN sequences may depend partly on the nature of the following consonant. In particular, there may be a preference for
VN sequences preceding voiceless oral consonants
to be phonologized due to aerodynamic constraints
on velum height, resulting in temporal overlap of
the vowel with a durationally constant velum gesture. We investigate the phonetic basis of this claim
via direct imaging of velum kinematics in real-time
MRI videos (50 fps) from 35 German speakers. The
results show that, while the velum gesture does indeed begin and end earlier in /Vnt/ than in /Vnd/
sequences, the duration of the gesture itself is also
shorter in this context. This suggests that increased
temporal co-articulation in /Vnt/ sequences is not
necessarily due to durational maintenance of the
velum gesture, but to a temporally truncated velum
gesture that is shifted in time.

The phonetic basis of phonological vowel nasality: Evidence from real-time MRI velum movement in German

OBJECTIVE Embouchure dystonia (EmD) is a variant of focal task-specific dystonia in musicians characterized by the loss of control in facial and oral muscles while controlling airflow into the mouthpiece of a wind or brass instrument. We compared tongue position variability (TPV) during sustained notes between healthy, elite horn players and horn players affected by EmD. METHODS Real-time MRI films at 33.3 ms resolution were obtained from 8 healthy elite and 5 EmD horn players as they performed on a non-ferromagnetic horn at each of three different dynamic levels: pianissimo, mezzo forte, and fortissimo. Nine profile lines (3 from anterior, 3 from middle, and 3 from posterior oral cavity regions) were overlaid on each image using a customized MATLAB toolkit, and the variability of the dorsal tongue edge position was examined at each dynamic from temporal intensity profiles produced by MATLAB. RESULTS Despite trends for more pronounced TPV (larger standard deviations) in the elite musicians (p=0.062), 2-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant differences between groups. However, dynamic level significantly influenced TPV for all subjects, combined (p=0.048) and different regions of the oral cavity showed differing TPV (p EmD, p<0.048), particularly at the fortissimo dynamic. We postulate that these differences may be due, in part, to a greater degree of generalized orofacial muscle tension in the EmD subjects that includes the tongue.

Tongue Position Variability During Sustained Notes in Healthy vs Dystonic Horn Players Using Real-Time MRI.

Conventional MRI sequences are often affected in neuropediatric imaging by unavoidable movements. Therefore, children younger than 6 years usually have to be examined under sedation/anesthesia. A new real-time MRI technique with automatic slice advancement allows for motion-robust T2-weighted volume coverage of the whole brain within a few seconds in adults. To evaluate to which extent the new volume coverage method can be used to visualize cerebrospinal fluid and reduce the need for anesthesia in children. We assessed 30 children ages 6 years and younger with suspected or proven hydrocephalus, hygroma or macrocephalus using volume coverage sequences with 20 slices per second in three planes. If necessary, a parent was placed in the bore together with the child for calming and gentle immobilization. We compared visualization of cerebrospinal fluid spaces and course of the shunt catheter in volume coverage sequences vs. fast spin-echo sequences. The clinical issue could be sufficiently assessed in all children with use of volume coverage sequences, whereas conventional fast spin-echo sequences performed moderately to poorly. Visualization of the tip of a shunt failed in 16% of volume coverage scans and 27% of turbo spin-echo scans. A subsequent examination under anesthesia was never necessary. None of the examinations had to be stopped prematurely. The motion-robust volume coverage sequences with T2-type contrast can be used to avoid sedation of children in the evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid spaces, even in the presence of vigorous motion. For other indications and contrasts, the technique must still be evaluated.

/pdf/outpacing-movement-ultrafast-volume-coverage-in-4lumw43a21.pdf

Dirk Voit

Papers

Real‐time multi‐directional flow MRI using model‐based reconstructions of undersampled radial FLASH – A feasibility study

Movements of the Glottis During Horn Performance: A Pilot Study.

The phonetic basis of phonological vowel nasality: Evidence from real-time MRI velum movement in German

Tongue Position Variability During Sustained Notes in Healthy vs Dystonic Horn Players Using Real-Time MRI.

Outpacing movement — ultrafast volume coverage in neuropediatric magnetic resonance imaging