Investigation of the effect of the cytoplasm on the combining ability (CA) of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is of considerable interest in terms of understanding the genetic functions of the cytoplasm and for practical purposes to create hybrids with improved economically valuable traits. In order to investigate the effect of different types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4, 9E) on CA in sorghum, we studied the manifestation of a number of biological and agronomic traits in 54 F1 hybrid combinations obtained using iso-nuclear CMS lines with the nuclear genome of the line Zheltozernoye 10, differing only in the types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4 and 9E). Eighteen varieties and lines of grain sorghum developed at the Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize were used as paternal parents. The CA was determined by the topcross method. F1 hybrids and their parents were grown in 2015-2017 in conditions of insufficient (2015-2016: HTC (hydro-thermal coefficient) = 0.32-0.66), or good water availability conditions (2017: HTC = 1.00). On average, for three years of testing, a positive effect of the 9E cytoplasm on the general combining ability (GCA) (0.63) and negative effects of the A3 and A4 cytoplasms (-0.32 and -0.31) for the inflorescence length were noted. In dry seasons, significant positive effects of the 9E cytoplasm on GCA for the length of the largest leaf, and positive effects of the A3 cytoplasm on GCA for the plant height, and negative effects of the A4 cytoplasm on GCA for these traits were observed. No differences were observed during the wet season. The type of CMS did not affect the GCA for the width of the largest leaf and grain yield. The dispersion of specific combining ability (SCA) in the dry seasons was significant for the following traits: leaf length, plant height, panicle length and width, and grain yield, the 9E cytoplasm had the highest SCA dispersion, whereas the A4 cytoplasm had the smallest one. The data obtained indicate that different types of sterile cytoplasm of sorghum make a different contribution to CA under conditions of drought stress.

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Influence of different types of sterile cytoplasms (A3, A4, 9E) on the combining ability of CMS lines of sorghum.

For the arid zone of the Lower Volga region, grain sorghum is an important forage crop. The paper presents the results of a comparative assessment of grain yield and biomass of breeding lines of grain sorghum in the nursery of preliminary variety testing. The volume of the nursery for the preliminary variety testing was 117 breeding lines. The most productive were the breeding lines of grain sorghum, the grain yield of which reached 3.95 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-56); 4.10 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-113); 4.15 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-55); 4.50 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-92) with a yield of 3.75 t / ha of the standard variety Volzhskoe 4. As a result of scientific research, the promising breeding lines of grain sorghum were identified: PSI-17 / EV-56 and PSI-17 / EV-92, which were recommended to be submitted for competitive variety testing. It is advisable to use the breeding line of grain sorghum PSI-17 / EV-54V for early maturity. The breeding lines of grain sorghum: PSI-17 / EV-56 and PSI-17 / EV-90 are planned to be included in crosses to create varieties and hybrids with high grain quality. Breeding lines of grain sorghum: PSI-17 / EV-50, PSI-17 / EV-54, PSI-17 / EV-92 and PSI-17 / EV-127 are planned to be used in breeding for biomass yield.

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Creation and study of raw material for grain sorghum breeding

Sorghum bicolor L. Moench is a versatile crop, corn which is used for forage and fodder (for feeding agricultural animals, birds, fishes), as well as a source of raw materials for the food processing industry. Especially important is the cultivation of sorghum in the lower Volga region of Russia, characterized by frequent soil and air droughts. In “Rossorgo” scouting for earliness, high yield, improved grain quality, resistance to diseases and pests. The test sorghum genotypes were conducted at the experimental field of center “Rossorgo” in 2014–2016. All records of productivity elements of productivity and biochemical evaluation of grains are made according to standard techniques. The results of long-term work were identified and approved for use in the lower Volga region 12 varieties and 2 hybrids of sorghum. Varieties Pischevoe 35, Pischevoe 614, Кremovoe, Fakel can be used in the food industry. Grits from grain of sorghum has a higher ratio of the cooking property in comparison with cereals from other cultures. The early-maturing varieties Perspektivny 1 and Start, intended for planting with different width of spacing – 15, 45 and 70 cm were bred. Varieties of Granat, Volzhskoe 44, Avans and hybrids Irgiz, Volgar, combine high yields (5.31–10.8 t/ha) and 11.32–12.56% of crude protein in grain. Heterotic hybrids of Irgiz and Volgar are by tall (149.6 of 175.9 cm) and highest grain yield (8.02–10.8 t/ha). As raw material for starch varieties recommended Avans, Volzhskoe 44, Sarmat, Perspektivny 1, Geliofor, Volzhskoe 4, Topaz and hybrid Volgar with content in grain starch 72.31–75.60%. New varieties (Azart, Geliofor, Magistr, Bogdan, Bakalavr, Granat) characterized by a high content of starch (71.47–74.50%) and medium protein (the 11.04–12.59%), pass state testing. Thus, “Rossorgo” offers a farmer a range of cultivars and hybrids of grain sorghum, allowing the obtaining stable yields of grain and extending the use of culture in the region.

https://agrobiodiversity.uniag.sk/scientificpapers/article/download/68/54

Directions of breeding of grain sorghum in the lower Volga region of Russia.

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Combinational ability of crossing components and heterosis of F1 hybrids of sugar sorghum by biomass yield

Sorghum is the agricultural crop most adaptable to the effects of abiotic factors, able to tolerate prolonged soil and air droughts, changes in air temperature, insufficient precipitation, salinization, acidification of soils, and many others with the least loss of yield compared to traditional crops such as wheat and barley. However, even among sorghum genotypes, there are samples with varying degrees of resistance to stressors, for example, drought. The aim of this study is a comprehensive study of the influence of abiotic factors on the physiological characteristics and biochemical parameters of sorghum grain. The experiment was carried out on the experimental field and laboratory conditions of the Rossorgo Institute. Drought resistance of plants is determined in the initial phase of development and during the flowering period by the degree of seed swelling in hypertonic solutions and the water regime of the leaves (total water content, water deficiency, moisture loss, and water-holding capacity). The quality of the grain is determined using the spectrophotometry method for the main biochemical components, and likewise, the separation of the protein into fractions. The growing conditions of plants in 2021–2022 differ significantly in terms of hydrothermal indicators. As a result of the conducted research for use in breeding programs for the creation of new varieties and hybrids with increased stress resistance selected samples L-65/14, Magistr has high drought resistance in the degree of seed swelling in hypertonic solutions (55.2–58.9%), which turned out to be at the level of the control variant (61.6–63.7%), and indicators of the water regime of the leaves (total water content of leaf tissues—74.20–77.83%; water-retaining capacity—83.77–85.56%; low moisture loss for 1 h/day—2.86–3.01%). These samples were characterized by the biological value determined by the optimal ratio of major indicators of grain and protein fractions: albumin (16.59–22.75%), globulin (8.13–9.09%), glutelin (9.09–14.01%), and prolamin (5.79–11.50%).

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Influence of Abiotic Stresses on Morphophysiological Characteristics and Biological Value of Grain Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

Relevance . Currently, a highly productive agricultural crop, unique in drought resistance, sugar sorghum is traditionally used in the crop industry of the agro-industrial complex mainly for fodder purposes for the production of hay, silage, haylage, monofeed, briquettes from biomass, and in recent years the direction related to technical and food processing has been developing. Breeders are widely attracted to the source material from the world collection of VIR, on the basis of which new highly productive varieties and hybrids are created, characterized by a high sugar content in the juice of stems, as well as maturing in the conditions of the cultivation region. The multidirectional selection of new varieties of sugar sorghum with specified economic characteristics is relevant for providing raw materials for various branches of the agro-industrial complex. Methods . The field assessment of morphometric indicators, the yield of biomass and seeds of the studied samples was carried out according to the Methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops, as well as according to the Broad unified classifier of cultivated species of the genus Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Results . The study of the gene pool of sugar sorghum made it possible to identify 18 samples that are donors of economically valuable traits, which are included in the working collection for the creation of new forms. Some samples are donors of several economically valuable signs: 6 signs — Volonter, 5 signs — Scheherezada, k-302, L-39/12; 4 signs — Izolda, Sahara, Seviliay, k-256, k-257, k-10092, L-66/13, L-67/13; 3 signs — Moment, Chaika, k-327, L-44/13. According to the developed model of the variety and the results of the tests, a new variety of sugar sorghum Izolda was isolated, surpassing the zoned variety Volzhskoe 51 in biomass yield by 21,0% and in seeds yield — by 11,1% in the conditions of 2020–2021. 

The use the VIR world collection in the selection of new varieties and hybrids of sugar sorghum for arid regions of the Russian Federation

Currently, there is a certain tendency in Russia to increase the acreage occupied by sorghum crops. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, 90.0 thousand hectares of sorghum for grain were sown in 2021, and by 2022 the acreage under sorghum increased by 129.0%, which amounted to 116.0 thousand hectares. The choice of this crop, of course, is determined by its tolerance to soils, high drought resistance, the ability to withstand extreme positive temperatures in arid climatic conditions of Russia without loss of yield and grain quality, which allows the crop to be cultivated in many regions of the Russian Federation. However, the increase in the area of sowing is restrained by insufficient attention of production workers to the requirements of agricultural technology, biological features of culture. Sorghum has a complex of protective properties in relation to diseases, pests and unfavorable conditions: the presence of wax plaque, the content of alkaloids, silica and other substances that provide a high degree of resistance of this culture. Permanent sowing on the same areas leads to the accumulation of a large number of pathogens. Obtaining healthy seed material is one of the main agronomic requirements in ensuring high and stable yields. In this regard, the dependence of the initial growth indicators on the germination of sorghum seeds exposed to pathogens has been analyzed. The degree of damage to sorghum plants by smut diseases has been revealed. Keywords: SORGHUM, FUNGAL DISEASES, SEEDS, PATHOGEN, INFECTION

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Dmitry Semin

Papers

Directions of breeding of grain sorghum in the lower Volga region of Russia.

Combinational ability of crossing components and heterosis of F1 hybrids of sugar sorghum by biomass yield

Influence of Abiotic Stresses on Morphophysiological Characteristics and Biological Value of Grain Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench

The use the VIR world collection in the selection of new varieties and hybrids of sugar sorghum for arid regions of the Russian Federation

Sorghum infestation with fungal diseases in the Saratov Right Bank