Investigation of the effect of the cytoplasm on the combining ability (CA) of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is of considerable interest in terms of understanding the genetic functions of the cytoplasm and for practical purposes to create hybrids with improved economically valuable traits. In order to investigate the effect of different types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4, 9E) on CA in sorghum, we studied the manifestation of a number of biological and agronomic traits in 54 F1 hybrid combinations obtained using iso-nuclear CMS lines with the nuclear genome of the line Zheltozernoye 10, differing only in the types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4 and 9E). Eighteen varieties and lines of grain sorghum developed at the Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize were used as paternal parents. The CA was determined by the topcross method. F1 hybrids and their parents were grown in 2015-2017 in conditions of insufficient (2015-2016: HTC (hydro-thermal coefficient) = 0.32-0.66), or good water availability conditions (2017: HTC = 1.00). On average, for three years of testing, a positive effect of the 9E cytoplasm on the general combining ability (GCA) (0.63) and negative effects of the A3 and A4 cytoplasms (-0.32 and -0.31) for the inflorescence length were noted. In dry seasons, significant positive effects of the 9E cytoplasm on GCA for the length of the largest leaf, and positive effects of the A3 cytoplasm on GCA for the plant height, and negative effects of the A4 cytoplasm on GCA for these traits were observed. No differences were observed during the wet season. The type of CMS did not affect the GCA for the width of the largest leaf and grain yield. The dispersion of specific combining ability (SCA) in the dry seasons was significant for the following traits: leaf length, plant height, panicle length and width, and grain yield, the 9E cytoplasm had the highest SCA dispersion, whereas the A4 cytoplasm had the smallest one. The data obtained indicate that different types of sterile cytoplasm of sorghum make a different contribution to CA under conditions of drought stress.

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Influence of different types of sterile cytoplasms (A3, A4, 9E) on the combining ability of CMS lines of sorghum.

For the arid zone of the Lower Volga region, grain sorghum is an important forage crop. The paper presents the results of a comparative assessment of grain yield and biomass of breeding lines of grain sorghum in the nursery of preliminary variety testing. The volume of the nursery for the preliminary variety testing was 117 breeding lines. The most productive were the breeding lines of grain sorghum, the grain yield of which reached 3.95 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-56); 4.10 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-113); 4.15 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-55); 4.50 t / ha (line PSI-17 / EV-92) with a yield of 3.75 t / ha of the standard variety Volzhskoe 4. As a result of scientific research, the promising breeding lines of grain sorghum were identified: PSI-17 / EV-56 and PSI-17 / EV-92, which were recommended to be submitted for competitive variety testing. It is advisable to use the breeding line of grain sorghum PSI-17 / EV-54V for early maturity. The breeding lines of grain sorghum: PSI-17 / EV-56 and PSI-17 / EV-90 are planned to be included in crosses to create varieties and hybrids with high grain quality. Breeding lines of grain sorghum: PSI-17 / EV-50, PSI-17 / EV-54, PSI-17 / EV-92 and PSI-17 / EV-127 are planned to be used in breeding for biomass yield.

/pdf/creation-and-study-of-raw-material-for-grain-sorghum-29hwu66236.pdf

Creation and study of raw material for grain sorghum breeding

Sorghum bicolor L. Moench is a versatile crop, corn which is used for forage and fodder (for feeding agricultural animals, birds, fishes), as well as a source of raw materials for the food processing industry. Especially important is the cultivation of sorghum in the lower Volga region of Russia, characterized by frequent soil and air droughts. In “Rossorgo” scouting for earliness, high yield, improved grain quality, resistance to diseases and pests. The test sorghum genotypes were conducted at the experimental field of center “Rossorgo” in 2014–2016. All records of productivity elements of productivity and biochemical evaluation of grains are made according to standard techniques. The results of long-term work were identified and approved for use in the lower Volga region 12 varieties and 2 hybrids of sorghum. Varieties Pischevoe 35, Pischevoe 614, Кremovoe, Fakel can be used in the food industry. Grits from grain of sorghum has a higher ratio of the cooking property in comparison with cereals from other cultures. The early-maturing varieties Perspektivny 1 and Start, intended for planting with different width of spacing – 15, 45 and 70 cm were bred. Varieties of Granat, Volzhskoe 44, Avans and hybrids Irgiz, Volgar, combine high yields (5.31–10.8 t/ha) and 11.32–12.56% of crude protein in grain. Heterotic hybrids of Irgiz and Volgar are by tall (149.6 of 175.9 cm) and highest grain yield (8.02–10.8 t/ha). As raw material for starch varieties recommended Avans, Volzhskoe 44, Sarmat, Perspektivny 1, Geliofor, Volzhskoe 4, Topaz and hybrid Volgar with content in grain starch 72.31–75.60%. New varieties (Azart, Geliofor, Magistr, Bogdan, Bakalavr, Granat) characterized by a high content of starch (71.47–74.50%) and medium protein (the 11.04–12.59%), pass state testing. Thus, “Rossorgo” offers a farmer a range of cultivars and hybrids of grain sorghum, allowing the obtaining stable yields of grain and extending the use of culture in the region.

https://agrobiodiversity.uniag.sk/scientificpapers/article/download/68/54

Directions of breeding of grain sorghum in the lower Volga region of Russia.

The article presents the results of using biometric methods for assessing the gene pool (using the example of the indian pea). The variation of traits of the model population of indian pea, as well as the correlation coefficients and factor loadings on the variables, is considered. The model population includes 25 samples of different ecological and geographical origin. The nursery was founded according to the scheme of a one-factor complex. Statistical indicators of the sample, coefficients of variation of signs were revealed: ˃20% - fat content in seeds, fat gather, fiber gather, 10-20% - height of attachment of the lower bean, number of twigs of the 1st order, number of beans per plant, number of seeds in a bean , number of seeds per plant, seed yield, pod width, gather of protein, ash, BEV per unit area, ˂10% - stem length, weight of 1000 seeds, plant productivity, pod length, content of protein, fiber, ash, BEV in seeds analysis of the experimental data, a matrix of correlation coefficients was calculated, including indicators of vegetative traits and the content of nutrients in the grain. In order to optimize the interpretation of the matrix of correlation coefficients, a factor analysis was performed using the method of principal components. Signs that determine the first, second and third hypothetical factors (stem length, lower bean attachment height, content of protein, fat, fiber, BEV, ash, number of seeds in a bean, weight of 1000 seeds, plant productivity, seed yield, gather per hectare of protein, fiber, ash, BEV, the number of seeds from one plant) determine 63,72% of the accumulated dispersion.

Biometric methods in studying the gene pool Indian pea

Bioconversion of starch of sugar sorghum grain

One of the promising areas of fundamental and applied research is the study of plant stress resistance using natural and synthetic physiologically active substances. An increase in the germination capacity of plant seeds and the rate of their germination is achieved by treatment before sowing with aqueous solutions of biostimulants, which leads to the activation of biochemical processes, increases the energy of germination, and improves seed germination in conditions of increased soil salinity. The effect of the bacterial exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Streptococcus thermophilus in the form of a film coating on the stress resistance of sorghum (RSK Partizan, Volzhskoe 44, Zhemchug and RSK Onyx) was studied, the seedlings and roots of treated seeds were compared against seeds without treatment. A positive effect of the exopolysaccharide film was found at the early stages of plant development under conditions of an increased salt content in the soil (2% and 4%), which was expressed in an increase in the length of seedlings and roots.

Effect of exopolysaccharide Streptococcus thermophilus on stress resistance of sorghum

Currently, breeders often use multidimensional statistics methods to process a large set of experimental data. To characterize the breeding value of 20 sorghum lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS lines) under arid cultivation conditions, during the research there was applied a cluster analysis, allowing to group the lines into clusters according to similar indicators from 15 analyzed agronomic and physiological characteristics. The studies were carried out during 2019-2021, various in meteorological conditions: the hydrothermal coefficient was 0.59-0.84 during the vegetation period of plants. Cytoplasmic male sterility lines were sown at a density of 100 thousand plants per 1 hectare. Breeding and physiological traits were evaluated according to generally accepted methods. The assessment of agronomic and physiological characteristics was carried out according to generally accepted methods. For further practical work, based on the results of the conducted studies, four CMS lines of grain sorghum (clusters 2, 3, 5) were identified according to a complex of physiological and breeding characteristics. Sterile lines (A2 Vostorg, M35-1А Pischevoe 614, A3 Feterita 14 and A2 KVV 114) were distinguished by the highest seed yield of 3.02-3.50 t/ha, high water content (72.7-73.7 %) and water retention capacity of leaves (72.2-84.3 %), low water deficiency (6.5-8.7 %). The study of moisture loss during the natural wilting of leaves confirmed the high resistance to drought in the flowering phase of the sterile A2 KVV 114 line, in which the intensity of moisture loss after 1 hour was only 9.9 %, 1.5 h – 15.8 % and 24 h – 68.6 %. In breeding for increasing drought resistance the CMS-line A1 Efremovskoe 2 (the sixth cluster) should be noted, as it was inferior to the above-described lines only in terms of low water deficiency (16.5 %), indicating average drought resistance. The line is the tallest with large leaves (length – 46.7 cm, area – 163.8 cm2) and form 3.21 t/ha of seeds on average for the period presented. The use of the obtained data provides the increasing of the breeding process for the creation of productive drought-resistant F1 sorghum hybrids.

Olga Kameneva

Papers

Directions of breeding of grain sorghum in the lower Volga region of Russia.

Biometric methods in studying the gene pool Indian pea

Bioconversion of starch of sugar sorghum grain

Effect of exopolysaccharide Streptococcus thermophilus on stress resistance of sorghum

Breeding value of drought-resistant sterile sorghum lines