Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease and its effects on the human body are devastating. There is almost no function in the human body which is not affected by lead toxicity. Though in countries like US and Canada the use of lead has been controlled up to a certain extent, it is still used vehemently in the developing countries. This is primarily because lead bears unique physical and chemical properties that make it suitable for a large number of applications for which humans have exploited its benefits from historical times and thus it has become a common environmental pollutant. Lead is highly persistent in the environment and because of its continuous use its levels rise in almost every country, posing serious threats. This article reviews the works listed in the literature with recent updates regarding the toxicity of lead. Focus is also on toxic effects of lead on the renal, reproductive and nervous system. Finally the techniques available for treating lead toxicity are presented with some recent updates.

/pdf/lead-toxicity-a-review-487tgdz2g1.pdf

Lead toxicity: a review.

Xenobiotics Shape the Physiology and Gene Expression of the Active Human Gut Microbiome

Despite the high prevalence of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use, media attention has focused almost entirely on PED use by elite athletes to illicitly gain a competitive advantage in sports, and not on the health risks of PEDs. There is a widespread misperception that PED use is safe or that adverse effects are manageable. In reality, the vast majority of PED users are not athletes but rather nonathlete weightlifters, and the adverse health effects of PED use are greatly underappreciated. This scientific statement synthesizes available information on the medical consequences of PED use, identifies gaps in knowledge, and aims to focus the attention of the medical community and policymakers on PED use as an important public health problem. PED users frequently consume highly supraphysiologic doses of PEDs, combine them with other PEDs and/or other classical drugs of abuse, and display additional associated risk factors. PED use has been linked to an increased risk of death and a wide variety of cardiova...

/pdf/adverse-health-consequences-of-performance-enhancing-drugs-jxjzoexzjp.pdf

Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis.

Eugenol is a major volatile constituent of clove essential oil obtained through hydrodistillation of mainly Eugenia caryophyllata (=Syzygium aromaticum) buds and leaves. It is a remarkably versatile molecule incorporated as a functional ingredient in numerous products and has found application in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, fragrance, flavour, cosmetic and various other industries. Its vast range of pharmacological activities has been well-researched and includes antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-oxidant and anticancer activities, amongst others. In addition, it is widely used in agricultural applications to protect foods from micro-organisms during storage, which might have an effect on human health, and as a pesticide and fumigant. As a functional ingredient, it is included in many dental preparations and it has also been shown to enhance skin permeation of various drugs. Eugenol is considered safe as a food additive but due to the wide range of different applications, extensive use and availability of clove oil, it is pertinent to discuss the general toxicity with special reference to contact dermatitis. This review summarises the pharmacological, agricultural and other applications of eugenol with specific emphasis on mechanism of action as well as toxicity data.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/17/6/6953/pdf

Eugenol--from the remote Maluku Islands to the international market place: a review of a remarkable and versatile molecule.

Congratulations to Dr. Baselt for the publication of his 10th edition and the expansion of his classic toxicology text to cover over 1,500 medications and chemicals. This enduring work provides a c...

Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man

Medical toxicology of natural substances , Medical toxicology of natural substances , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران

Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances

Food additives and sensitivities.

innamon has been used as a spice for thousands of years; several eferences to it are found in the Bible. In Egypt, cinnamon was a spice sed in embalming fluid. In Ayurvedic medicine, cinnamon bark was sed as an antiemetic, antidiarrheal, antiflatulent, and general stimulant. he Portuguese found cinnamon trees growing in Sri Lanka (Ceylon) uring the early 16th century; they subsequently imported cinnamon to urope during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Dutch occupied Sri Lanka n the mid-17th century until the British captured the island in 1796. The ast India Company then became the main exporter of cinnamon to urope. The Dutch cultivated cinnamon in Java, and the exports of eylon cinnamon decreased as a result of heavy export duties. Nevertheess, Sri Lanka is the only regular supplier of cinnamon bark and leaf oils. he food industry prefers Ceylon cinnamon, but pharmaceutical manufacurers use both oils from Ceylon cinnamon (cinnamon oil) and from Chinese innamon (cassia oil) interchangeably. China is the main exporter of cassia il.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Species)

The use of drugs to enhance physical performance has occurred since the beginning of recorded time. Ancient Greeks ate mushrooms and sesame seeds to enhance performance, and Roman gladiators used stimulants to increase endurance. In modern sports, documentation of the abuse of performance-enhancing drugs appeared in the early 1900s, when athletes ingested stimulants (cocaine, amphetamines, ephedrine, and strychnine) to alleviate fatigue and increase focus. Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are now the most common illicit drugs used to enhance performance at the modern Olympic Games along with stimulants, primarily by weightlifters and athletes in track and field. The AASs are a group of synthetic derivatives of testosterone with both skeletal muscle-building (anabolic) and masculinizing (androgenic) effects. In 1889, physiologist Charles E. Brown-Sequard reported improvement in a variety of his body functions (strength, intellect, and force of urine stream) following the injection of an extract of testicles from the dog and guinea pig. The primary natural male hormone, testosterone was first isolated from the testis of bulls in 1935 by David et al. Butenandt and Hanisch and Ruzicka et al. independently synthesized testosterone in the same year, and both chemists received the Nobel Prize in 1939 for their work. Most of the AASs were developed during the 1950s when chemists attempted unsuccessfully to separate the anabolic and androgenic properties of these testosterone derivatives. Nandrolone, the 19-nor analog of testosterone was the first anabolic steroid with sufficient dissociation of androgenic and anabolic properties to justify introduction into clinical practice during the 1950s. Dr. John Ziegler, an American physician-weightlifter, administered AASs to 3 future American weightlifting champions after learning of the success of AAS-using Russian weightlifters at the 1954 World Championships. In 1958, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of methandrostenolone (Dianabol) for the treatment of hypogonadism, resulting in the increased availability of this steroid. By the mid-1960s, the use of AASs to

Donald G. Barceloux

Papers

Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man

Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances

Food additives and sensitivities.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Species)

Anabolic-androgenic steroids.