Precise nutrient management of crops and soil fertility will be a major challenge worldwide in the coming decades because current agricultural practices rely predominantly on chemical fertilizers. The use of conventional fertilizers suffers from low crop nutrient efficiency, negative impacts on the environment, and high loss of water bodies. Nano-biotechnology is emerging as a promising alternative technique and has the potential to revolutionize agricultural systems by delivering nutrients to crops in a controlled release manner. Engineering nanoparticles-based nanofertilizers offer benefits in crop nutrition management by enhancing abiotic stress tolerance and improving agricultural productivity. This review focuses on the design, contribution, and interaction of nano-enabled fertilizers with edible plants based on very recent studies. Also, the review conveys the role of macronutrient, micronutrient-based nanofertilizer as well as nano-biofertilizer towards the development of smart and sustainable future agriculture.

Nanofertilizers towards sustainable agriculture and environment

The purpose of this research is to find out the description of performance of the supply chain and analyze the marketing channels for Polianthes tuberosa based on margin calculation and marketing efficiency.The research method used was a survey. Respondents consisted of farmers and actors at the flower marketing agency as well as night. Polianthes tuberosa farmers in Baran Village who were respondents as many as 26 and the number of samples of marketing institutions as many as 30 people consisting of market traders, florists and consumers. The data analysis method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative based on thesupply chain development method in the Asian Productivity Organization (APO). The results of the study show that supply chain performance can be said to be quite good, marked by the fulfillment of demand for Polianthes tuberosainterest to consumers. Clear and directed supply chain goals, good supply chain structure, good supply chain management, sufficient and adequate resources and overall good supply chain performance.There are 3 marketing channels that are already efficient with the value of farmer share in marketing channel I that is 50.19%, marketing channel II which is 50.19% and marketing channel III which is 77.21%.
Keywords:farmer’s share, polianthes tuberosa, supply chain

The analysis of polianthes tuberosa supply chain in ambarawa subdistrict

The present investigation was conducted during 2018-19 at Centre for Quality Planting Material, RDS Seed Farm CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana. The experiment comprised of 16 treatments i.e. nine herbicidal treatments, five mulch treatments and one treatment of hand weeding and weedy check as control, laid out in simple randomized block design with three replications. Polypogon monspeliensis, Phalaris minor, Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon among monocots and Chenopodium murale, Convolvulus arvensis, Fumaria parviflora and Coronopus didymus in dicots were the dominant weeds. Among the application of herbicides or mulch materials either alone or in combinations, black polyethylene mulch (T13) was found highly effective in controlling weeds followed by pendimethalin 1000 g fb HW + pendimethalin 1000 g (T12). Amongst the herbicidal treatments, pendimethalin 1000 g fb HW + pendimethalin 1000 g (T12) was found comparatively more efficient in controlling weeds without any phytotoxic effect on crop. Interestingly, the applications of oxyfluorfen as a pre-emergence and metsulfuronmethyl as a post-emergence in different herbicidal combinations caused phytotoxicity in crop plants, and the phytotoxic effect of metsulfuron-methyl was more than the oxyfluorfen. At 30 DOP the maximum level of phytotoxicity (1.70) was recorded with the pre-emergence application of oxyflurofen 500 g fb HW + oxyflurofen 500 g (T3), whereas at 90 DOP and 120 DOP, it was recorded highest (i.e. 2.73 and 2.97, respectively) with the application of oxyfluorfen 500 g fb metsulfuron-methyl 5 g (T2) and it was followed by post-emergence application of metsulfuronmethyl 5 g in combinations with pre-emergence application of other herbicides (T8 & T11). Overall, the application of mulch materials (either alone as a black polyethylene sheet of 100μ or paddy straw @ 10 tonnes ha -1 in the combination with HW or pendimethalin 1500 g ha -1 ) was found very effective with the aspect of weed control in gladiolus.

Influence of Various Weed Management Practices on Growth, Flowering and Corm Production of Gladiolus cv. ‘Nova Lux’

Tanaman hias sedap malam di daerah Bangil Pasuruan selama ini dikenal dengan ciri khas  bunganya yang kecil namun harum. Upaya perbaikan kualitas dan upaya pengembangan bunga  sedap malam di dataran medium terus dilakukan dengan menciptakan  p ertumbuhan tanaman  y ang lebih  baik .  Tujuan penelitian ini adalah  untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kolkisin  terhadap pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman sedap malam yang ditanam didataran medium kota  Malang . Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimen di kelura han Cemorokandang, kecamatan  Kedungkandang, Malang, yang memiliki ketinggian tempat 610 m dpl., pada bulan Mei sampai  Nopember 2013. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok yang diulang  tiga kali. dan terdiri dari dua faktor, faktor pertama adalah lama perendaman (W) : 3 jam (W1);  6 jam (W2); 9 jam (W3); dan 12 jam (W4). Faktor kedua adalah tingkat konsentrasi kolkhisin: 0  ppm (P0); 100 ppm (P1); 300 ppm (P2); dan 500 ppm (P3). Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap  karakteristik pertumbuhan tanaman  sedap malam pada fase vegetatif diantaranya meliputi  panjang tanaman, jumlah  daun, luas daun, jumlah anakan .  D ata hasil penelitian dianalisis  dengan analisis sidik ragam sesuai dengan rancangan yang digunakan, dan jika terdapat  pengaruh nyata dilanjutkan d engan Uji Jarak Duncan (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh tingkat konsentrasi kolkisin dan lama perendaman secara umum  tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap rerata panjang tanaman sedap malam,  namun secara  terpisah pemberi an kolkisin pada tingkat konsentrasi 100 ppm hingga 500 ppm menghasilkan  rerata panjang tanaman yang lebih tinggi dibanding tanpa pemberian kolkisin. Pengaruh tingkat  konsentrasi kolkisin dan lama perendaman secara umum memberikan  pengaruh nyata pada  jumla h daun dan luas daun, dimana secara umum pada tingkat konsentrasi kolkisin 300 ppm  dengan  lama perendaman 6 jam  dan tingkat konsnetrasi 100 ppm dengan lama perendaman 9  jam menghasilkan rerata jumlah daun  dan luas daun  yang lebih tinggi. Pengamatan terha dap  jumlah anakan tanaman sedap malam menunjukkan pada tingkat konsentrasi 100 ppm dengan  lama perendaman 9 jam dan pada konsentrasi 300 ppm dengan lama perendaman 9 dan 6 jam  menghasilkan rerata jumlah anakan yang lebih  banyak .

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN KOLKISIN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN VEGETATIF TANAMAN SEDAP MALAM (Polianthes tuberose L.) DI DATARAN MEDIUM

Dharmapuri is a versatile district with a wide variety of crop diversity from millets to vegetables under protected cultivation. Tuberose and melons are livelihood crops for small and marginal farmers with limited irrigation water source. About 80% of the cost of cultivation is spent on weed management in tuberose. Productivity in melons is affected due to soil-borne diseases and fruit flies. Front line demonstrations for the use of plastic mulching was conducted to address the issues. The demonstrations were conducted in farmers’ fields and each farmer field is considered as one location. Results of the demonstrations were analysed in various perspectives including economic benefits so as to showcase the positive outcome of the plastic mulching technology. There was about 15 – 20% increase in the melons and 18 22% in the case of the tuberose. Though the increase in productivity cannot be correlated only to plastic mulching, the improvement in the fruit quality (95% of first grade fruits) attributed by plastic mulching especially in melons. Weed management cost was reduced in tuberose by 80%. In melons the reduced crop duration by 6 – 8 days indirectly reduced the cost of cultivation and added to the net returns of the crop. The economic benefit of the technology were realised by farmers. Original Research Article Indhumathi et al.; AJAEES, 38(8): 78-86, 2020; Article no.AJAEES.59415 79

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Analytical Study of Plastic Mulching in Tuberose and Melons in Dharmapuri District of Tamilnadu

Sunflower is an introductory plant and quite popular in Indonesia. Until now information about sunflower cultivation and fertilization, especially in the fields are still limited in Indonesia. In this regard, to determine the effect of NPK fertilization on the growth and grain yield of this plant, a study was done in the Experimental Garden of the Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology East Java (550 m above sea level), from November 2013 to March 2014. The experiment used a randomized block design and repeated four times. As treatments were the N-P-K fertilizer levels (kg ha-1), i.e., 120-50-50, b. 120-75-50, c. 120-50-75-, d. 120-75-75, e. 150-50-50, f. 150-75-50, g. 150-50-75, h. 150-75-75. The result showed that the plant growth affected by NPK fertilizer level. The highest plant posture found on g treatment reaches 132.50 cm, and stem diameter reaches 3.23 cm. Generally, the best harvest yield components such as the flower diameter, flower weight, weight and number of grains, the weight of 100 grains, the weight of 100 seeds were gained from f treatment. The highest grain yield was also obtained at this treatment reaching 2.74 t/ha

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Study of NPK fertilizer effect on sunflower growth and yield

Rose is one of the most important ornamental plants in Indonesia Almost 5702% of the national cut rose’s demand was supplied from East Java, mainly from Batu However, in the production process, there are various problems, especially pest and disease damages In this regard, a study was conducted to determine recent status of the pests and diseases on roses in cultivation center of Batu, East Java Observation was carried out in the farmers’ field randomly, from October to December 2014 Observation was performed on type and damage intensity of the pests and diseases The pests and plant damage were sampled for further identification An interview was made with some farmers to get secondary data about the type and the importance of the pests and diseases as well as the effort for controlling them The result showed that some pests and diseases found included aphid, armored scale insect, spider mite, thrips, black spot, crown gall and powdery mildew Based on morphological identification, there were two families of armored scale insect, ie, Coccidae and Diaspidae The highest damage intensity was due to armored scale insect, thrips, black spot and crown gall with the percentage of damage intensities of 5050%, 2000%, 4550% and 6500%, respectively Based on those data, scale insect, thrips, black spot and crown gall were classified as important pests and diseases on roses in this area Some pesticides and other materials like petroleum oil and detergent were used by the farmers to control either pests or diseases, but they were ineffective, especially in controlling armored scale insect and crown gall Keywords: Cut roses, pest, disease, inventory, observation, status

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Recent Status of Pests and Diseases on Cut Roses in Batu East Java

Besides on irrigated field, rice cultivation in Indonesia is also carried out on dry land and generally only once planting a year. To find out the possibility of increasing cropping rice index, from once planting to twice planting a year, an assessment was done in Druju village, Sumber Manjing Wetan, Malang Regency. The first planting was conducted in the 2013/2014 (November 2013 until March 2014) and the second planting was done in early 2014 (April until July 2014). A randomized block design with four replications was used. As treatment was integrated crop management technology (ICM) and improvement technology using the upland rice new variety (Inpago 4) that compared to existing technology using lowland rice variety (Cibogo). The result showed that the plants had grown normally until the harvested time, both in the first and second planting times. The highest yield was obtained from ICM treatment about 6.36 t/ha in the first planting and about 3.78 t/ha in the second planting. While in existing treatment only reached 2.99 t/ha in the first planting season and 1.50 t/ha in the second planting season. This result indicated that the increase of cropping rice index was feasible to conduct in the dry land of Malang Regency.

Study of rice cropping index increasing on dry land in Malang-East Java

Tuberose is one of the most important ornamental plants in Indonesia which the demand continuously increases. However, tuberose is commonly cultivated in drained rice fields and this resulted in various problem such us weed and insect infestation especially mealybug in dry season. In this regard a study was conducted in Malang Regency at Karangploso Experimental Station of East Java Assessment Institute for Agriculture Technology from March 2012 to April 2013. The study employed an experimental method using a randomized block design. Two varieties of tuberoses, i.e. , Dian Arum (double flowering) and Roro Anteng (semi-double flowering) were planted on a prepared soil bed. Both tuberose varieties were treated by a silvery plastic mulch cover on one bed and none on the other. Results showed significant differences between the mulch and without mulch treatments in terms of plant growth and flower production.  Flower production obtained from mulch treatment was 3.8 stalks/clump or 34.22 stalks/m 2 , whereas that without mulch was 2.47 stalks/clump or 27.44 stalks/m 2 . Meanwhile the damage intensity caused by mealybug infestation on the mulch treatment was 15.21%, while that without mulch  was 22.17%.  In fact, the use of mulch could reduce the weeding cost up to 66.67 % and the total production cost up to 20.86%. The result obtained from R/C ratio analysis with mulch treatment was 2.59 whereas that without mulch was 1.71. Keywords: Polianthes tuberosa ; mulch;  weed,  pest; yield; R/C ratio

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Effect of Mulch on the Growth and Yield of Polianthes tuberosa

Tuberose (Polianthus tuberosa ) is an important ornamental plant in Indonesia that has been cultivated by farmers for a long time mainly in Java and North Sumatra provinces. However, the availability of new superior varieties is only a few so that the consumers only have a limited choice. Until now, there are three types of tuberose in Indonesia, which is distinguished by the type of flower namely single, semi-double and double flower. Some breeding efforts to obtain new varieties have been done through crossbreeding, mutation induction and selection to local cultivars. But the success on the crossbreeding of tuberose was only about 0.05%, as it can only be done in the direction of the single flower with double flowers. Because in the double flowers pistils are not found, the variability is very low. Nevertheless from these crossbreeding obtained 29 genotypes that showed differences in several characters, especially in the arrangements of flowers; and flower stalks straightness and rigidness. The other study indicates that each genotype has a different resistance levels against leaf spot disease ( Xanthomonas sP.). Meanwhile, breeding of tuberose through mutation induction technique has not been widely studied. Application of gamma ray irradiation on tubers caused morphological damaged on Polyanthes , reduced bulb growth less than 30% and reduced the plant height more 400% than no treated plants (control). Polyploidy induced mutations by using colchicine led to changes in the length and diameter of the flowers and harvesting time. Until now, there is no result of the crossbreeding and mutation techniques that released as a new variety. Despite this, based on the positive selection breeding on local cultivars, there have been two superior genotypes released as new varieties namely Dian Arum (double flower type; origin of Cianjur, West Java) and Roro (semi double flower type; origin of Pasuruan, East Java). Keywords: Polianthes tuberosa ; breeding; local cultivars, new varieties,Dian Arum, Roro Anteng

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Donald Sihombing

Papers

Study of NPK fertilizer effect on sunflower growth and yield

Recent Status of Pests and Diseases on Cut Roses in Batu East Java

Study of rice cropping index increasing on dry land in Malang-East Java

Effect of Mulch on the Growth and Yield of Polianthes tuberosa

Polianthes tuberose Breeding in Indonesia