Showing papers in "KnE Life Sciences in 2017"
TL;DR: This review focuses on the biosynthesis and biodiversity of terpenoids, understanding the terpene synthase enzyme family involved in their synthesis and the engineering efforts to create microbial cell factories for terpenoid production.
Abstract: Terpenoids represent the largest class of natural products with a diverse array of structures and functions. Many terpenoids have reported therapeutic properties such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and chemotherapeutic properties making them of great interest in the medical field. Also, they are widely used in the flavors and fragrances industries, in addition to being a source of biofuels. Terpenoids suffer from low natural yields and complicated chemical synthesis, hence the need for a more sustainable production method. Metabolic engineering provide an excellent opportunity to construct microbial cell factories producing the desired terpenoids. The biosynthetic mevalonate and non-mevalonate pathways involved in the production of terpenoid precursors are fully characterized so exploring methods to improve their flux would be the first step in creating a successful cell factory. The complexity and diversity of terpenoid structures depends mainly on the action of the terpene synthases responsible for their synthesis. These enzymes are classified into different classes and gaining insight into their catalytic mechanism will be useful in designing approaches to improve terpenoid production. This review focuses on the biosynthesis and biodiversity of terpenoids, understanding the terpene synthase enzyme family involved in their synthesis and the engineering efforts to create microbial cell factories for terpenoid production.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of physically modified starch on the functional and amylographic properties of native sweet potato starch was investigated using a descriptive method with four treatments and two replications: heat moisture treatment, annealing and pre-gelatinization.
Abstract: In general, native sweet potato starch has inferior characteristics such as it swells easily, does not gel firmly and low paste clarity. The characteristics of native sweet potato starch cause limitation in its utilization. This research aimed to study the effect of physically modified starch on the functional and amylographic properties of native sweet potato starch. The study used a descriptive method with 4 treatments and 2 replications: a) a native sweet potato starch, b) sweet potato modified starch by heat moisture treatment, c) sweet potato starch modified by annealing and d) sweet potato starch modified by pre-gelatinization. The results showed that all three treatments modified starches largely alter the functional and amylographic properties of native sweet potato starch. Heat moisture treated and annealed sweet potato had starches with decreased swelling volume, solubility, peak viscosity, and breakdown viscosity, increased pasting temperature and setback viscosity than its native starch. Pre-gelatinized sweet potato starch has lower bulk density, peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, setback viscosity and increased swelling volume, solubility and water absorption capacity than its native starch. Key word : functional properties; amylographic properties; sweet potato starch; physically modified
26 citations
TL;DR: Root and leaf anatomy and nutrient uptake in maize plants exposed to salinity stress was observed and showed that salinity slightly damaged roots anatomy and altered uptake of some trace elements.
Abstract: Salinity is one of major problems in agriculture especially in arid and semiarid area due to causes the damage of many aspects in plant growth and development. This study observed root and leaf anatomy and nutrient uptake in maize plants exposed to salinity stress. Maize seedlings were placed in the plantation room under same temperature, humidity and light intensity conditions and were treated with 0 %, 1 %, 2 % and 3 % NaCl for 5 d. Anatomy of root and leaf were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Nutrient uptake was estimated by the content of trace elements of leaves. Trace element were quantified using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), but chlorine was determined by an atomic absorption flame spectrometer. The results showed that salinity slightly damaged roots anatomy. Epidermis cells and parenchyma cells of cortex and pith were shrinkage in 2 % and 3 % NaCl-treated plants. Leaf anatomy showed mesophyll and bundle sheath cells which slightly suppressed. Meanwhile, chloroplasts content inside those cells were dramatically decreased. Anatomical damage of roots and leaves was accompanied by altering uptake of some trace elements. The contents of aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium, chlorine, in NaCl-treated plants were higher than control. Otherwise, boron, potassium and phosphor were lower in NaCl-reated plants. The rest of trace elements were in comparable concentration. Keywords: maize; leaf; nutrient; root; salinity
23 citations
TL;DR: Antibacterial activity of Indonesian nutmeg oil has not been investigated yet, but the result showed that the two essential oils inhibited all bacteria.
Abstract: Indonesia is one of the largest producer of nutmeg oil ( Myristica fragrans ) . This essential oil has a lot of usefulness for food and pharmaceutical industries, however antibacterial activity of Indonesian nutmeg oil has not been investigated yet. Antibacterial activity Myristica fragrans oil from two areas respectively (Sulawesi and Central Java) were investigated. The essential oils was extracted using water and steam distiller and then its antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (gram-positive bacteria : Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and gram-negative bacteria : Shigella Dysenteriae, Salmonella Typhi) was examined. Resistance pattern was studied by in vitro disc diffusion method using essential oil concentration 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The result showed that the two essential oils inhibited all bacteria. The highest inhibition zone on Central Java nutmeg oil was on 60% concentration of the oil (12.96 16.79, 13.46 and 16.50 mm for S. aureus, S. epidermis, S. dysenteriae, S. typhi respectively), while on Sulawesi nutmeg oil was on 100% concentration (18.84, 16.54, 17.84 and 12.54 mm for S. aureus, S. epidermis, S. dysenteriae, S. typhi respectively). Keywords : Antibacterial activity; Nutmeg oil; Central Java; Sulawesi
21 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that CFS had higher ash and crude protein content and less crude fiber than FS and F and can still be improved by adding N digestible for rumen microbe growth.
Abstract: In Indonesia, forage is difficult to obtain in the dry season, while the agricultural waste very abundant and potentially pollute the environment. Use of agricultural waste as feed animal is very advantage to obtain cattle nutrients need and alleviate pollution. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutrient quality of fermented complete feed based on soybean straw (CFS), compared with forage (F) or forage and concentrate with 4:1 ratio (FC). Proximate analysis was conducted to three kind of feed, then nutrients digestibility were conducted by in-vitro analyzed. Each kind of feed consisted of 4 replicates. The results showed that CFS had higher ash and crude protein content and less crude fiber than FS and F. CFS had dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) significantly (p< 0.05) higher than F but not significantly different with FC. There are not significantly different of NH3 production among the three kinds of feed. The conclusion was CFS had highest nutrient content. CFS and FC had digestible nutrient that higher than F. The quality of CFS can still be improved by adding N digestible for rumen microbe growth. Key words: complete feed, soybean straw, nutrient digestibility
20 citations
TL;DR: The effect of antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) solution against the growth of infectious bursal disease virus in embryonated chicken eggs with ELISA Test and Statistical Test ANOVA General Linier Models Univariate with Post-Hoc Duncan shows good antiviral properties.
Abstract: Infectious bursal disease virus is one of the strategic infectious disease in Indonesia. Despite disinfection and vaccination technology has been doing, the cases still frequently occur and it needs another alternative technology to be developed to against IBD virus. This research try to answer the problem, it examines the effect of antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) solution against the growth of infectious bursal disease virus in embryonated chicken eggs with ELISA Test. The research has two methods, the first method is conducted by mixing a solution of AgNPs and IBD Virus, two hours before inoculated (preventive method) and the second method is the virus inoculated first, 48 hours later the AgNPs solution injected (therapy method). Each method has several dosage of AgNPs solution respectively 0 ppm (positive control 20 ppm, 40 ppm, and 50 ppm). Virus samples taken from the choriallantoic membrane (CAM) and the embryo by crushed method. Results based on the value of OD (optical density) ELISA Test and Statistical Test ANOVA General Linier Models Univariate with Post-Hoc Duncan 5%, both methods have no significant difference (p>0.05), it means the solution of AgNPs has good preventative and therapeutic characteristic. The mean of OD values also showed dosage of 20ppm is most effective dosage in against the growth of the virus, the dosage has significant difference (p 0.05), in both CAM and embryo AgNPs solution has good antiviral properties. Keywords : Silver Nanoparticles, Antiviral, Infectious Bursal Disesase, ELISA, Embryonated Chicken Eggs
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effectiveness of ozone against contaminating microorganisms present in agricultural products depends on several factors, such as water, moisture, organic matter content, and microorganisms' inactivation.
Abstract: The agricultural products such as vegetables, fruits, meat and liquid based products are vulnerable to physical, chemical and microbiological damage due to their high moisture and organic matter contents. On the other hand, the consumer demands high quality food respectively fresh, clean, healthy, and safe. Ozone may be used an alternative or complementary food cleaning. The effectiveness of ozone against contaminating microorganisms present in agricultural products depends on several factors. Mechanism on ozone’s cleaning and sanitizing role in some food products are discussed. Application of ozonisation on cauliflower, red chili and guava crest and liquid based products exposed in some various ozone concentrations and exposures, on microbes’ inactivation are also discussed. Keywords : ozonisation; food properties; shelf-life
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the competitiveness of Indonesian exports of canned pineapple in the world and in the destination countries by using the method of revealed competitive advantage (RCA), export product dynamics (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), and a panel data regression analysis approach through E-views 6 for the period 2004 until 2013.
Abstract: Indonesia has a comparative advantage as the largest pineapple exporter in the world. Most of the pineapples are exported in the form of canned pineapples. This study examines the competitiveness of Indonesian exports of canned pineapple in the world and in the destination countries by using the method of Revealed Competitive Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamics (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), and a panel data regression analysis approach through E-views 6 for the period 2004 until 2013. RCA analysis results indicate that the Indonesian canned pineapple has a comparative advantage in the world as well as in the export destination countries. EPD analysis results indicate that the Indonesian canned pineapple has a highly competitive advantage by positioning a rising star in the world and in the seven export destination countries, including the United States, Spain, Italy, Canada, Denmark, Austria, and China. IIT analysis results indicate that Indonesia has a one-way trade flows and a lower degree of integration towards export destination countries. Finally, the results of panel data analysis indicate that Factors that affect the export volume of Indonesia canned pineapple in the destination countries are Indonesia canned pineapple export prices to the export destination countries, real GDP and the population of destination countries Keywords : Competitiveness, RCA, EPD, IIT, Panel Regression
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the progress in the breeding programs to develop salt tolerant rice for lowland rice areas in the coastal regions, and accelerate the improvement of the salinity tolerant of Indonesian rice varieties in the future.
Abstract: Lowland rice areas along the coastal regions are a major contributor for rice production in Indonesia Sustainability of rice production in those areas is challenged by the increase of soil salinity as the result of sea water inundation The problem is exacerbated by the increase of sea water level as the impact of global climate change High concentration of salt ion in the soil could significantly reduce rice growth and yield Development of salinity tolerant rice varieties is therefore important to maintain sustainability of rice production in the coastal regions Breeding programs to improve salinity tolerance of Indonesian rice has been established in Indonesian Centre for Rice Research Through intensive salt tolerant screening program genetic variations in salinity tolerance have been identified within rice germplasm allowing the improvement of salinity tolerant of existing rice varieties Different genetic resources have been used for salinity tolerant improvement including landraces, improved varieties and introduction lines A number of promising salt tolerant rice breeding lines have been developed and showed adaptability to salt affected areas in the lowland coastal areas Two new salt tolerant rice varieties have been released recently which are adaptable to salt affected areas This paper will describe the progress in the breeding programs to develop salt tolerant rice for lowland rice areas in the coastal regions Strategy to accelerate the improvement of the salinity tolerant of Indonesian rice varieties in the future will be also discussed Keywords: rice, breeding, salinity tolerance, coastal regions
15 citations
TL;DR: The actinomycetes with high potential ability to produce secondary metabolites that have inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f.
Abstract: Wilt desease of banana caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (FOC) is one of the most destructive deseases of banana in the tropics. Actinomycetes are the most economically and biotechnologically valuable prokaryotes able to produce wide range of bioactive secondary metabolites. The aims of the present study are to isolate and screen the actinomycetes with high potential ability to produce secondary metabolites that have inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense . Two isolates from Lampung and Cianjur showed activity against fungi. The isolates designed as L.3.1 and CiIA5b. The metabolites from potent stain was produced by extraction of culture filtrate with ethyl acetate : methanol (4:1), it was tested for their antifungal activity by well diffusion method. Evidence for in vitro antibiosis of L.3.1 and CiIA5b isolates was demonstrated by the zone of fungal-growth inhibition. Production of secondary metabolites was analysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and bioautography assays. In this study, the metabolites from L.3.1 and CiIA5b have showed good antifungal activity. Keywords: Actinomycetes; antifungal activity; bioautography; secondary metabolites; thin layer chromatography.
13 citations
TL;DR: It can be concluded that both Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mycoides could be proposed as probiotic bacteria in fish feed.
Abstract: This study was aimedto identify probiotic characteristics and to test the cellulolytic ability of Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus mycoides bacteria for probiotic microbe candidates in fish and shrimp feed The description of the cellulolytic and amylolytic abilities of these bacteriawas obtained by non-experimental method and descriptive analysis Probiotic characteristic identification includes growth curve was obtained through total plate count method, cellular and colony morphology, and cellulase and amylase enzyme activity test using DNS method Results indicated that the maximum growth of B megaterium was observed after six hours at 3562 x 10 10 (CFU), while B mycoides wasafter 30 hoursat 426 x 10 10 (CFU) The macroscopic observation showed that the colony of B megaterium was concave and smooth,while B mycoides was flat, relatively rough, with silken threads around the colonyBoth bacteria had milky white color, bacillus shape, Gram positive, and sporous The activity of cellulose and amylase enzymes in B megaterium were 3,974 units/ml and 1,831 units/ml, respectively The activity of cellulose and amylase enzymes in B mycoides were 3,506 units/ml and 3,730 units/ml, respectively It can be concluded that both bacteria could be proposed as probiotic bacteria in fish feed Keywords: Characterization, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus mycoides, probiotic microbes, feed
TL;DR: The result shows that endo- and exopolysaccharide produced by P. cruentum suitable to be used as an alternative source of natural antioxidants and potential for further developed as antitumor drugs.
Abstract: Sources of antioxidants are abundant in nature, one of which is derived from microalgae. Microalgae species that have potentially to be developed as a producer of antioxidant compounds is Porphyridium cruentum (S.F.Gray) Nageli. P. cruentum is a red microalga (Rhodophyceae) and has been known as polysaccharides producer (exopolysaccharide and endopolysaccharide) and as an antioxidant. This study aims to determine antioxidant activity of the extracts and biological toxicity of endo- and exopolysaccharide P. cruentum . The antioxidant activity use reduction method of free radicals (DPPH), whereas toxicity uses Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. (BSLT). The result shows that there is an antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 50.586 5 mg · kg –1 (exopolysaccharide) and 145.998 8 mg · kg –1 (endopolysaccharide). In addition, the result indicates the toxic nature of the Artemia salina Leach. with LC 50 values of 513.175 1 mg · kg –1 (exopolysaccharide) and 521.823 3 mg · kg –1 (endopolysaccharide). Therefore, endo- and exopolysaccharide produced by P. cruentum suitable to be used as an alternative source of natural antioxidants and potential for further developed as antitumor drugs. Keywords: antioxidant, biological toxixity, endo-exopolysaccharide, Porphyridium cruentum (S.F.Gray) Nageli.
TL;DR: The results showed that the endophytic bacteria, biofertilizing bacteria and their combination inhibited wilt disease incidence in chili by 46.7-80 %, and the highest disease suppression showed by the endophical bacteria, B. subtilis, was also able to promote a significant chili growth.
Abstract: Bacterial wilt disease ( Ralstonia solanacearum) is one of the most important diseases in Solanaceae, including chili. Biological control is one of environmentally-friendly method for controlling plant diseases. Microbes that are potential as biological control agents include bacterial endophytes and bacteria that are usually used as biofertilizer. This paper discusses the result of the study that examined the abilities of endophytic and biofertilizing bacteria solely or in combination to suppress bacterial wilt disease ( R. solanacearum ). The endophytic bacteria isolates tested were Lysinibacillus sp. and Bacillus subtilis , while biofertilizing bacteria used were N-fixing bacteria ( Azotobacter chrococcum ) and P-solubilizing bacteria ( Pseudomonas cepacea ). The results showed that the endophytic bacteria, biofertilizing bacteria and their combination inhibited wilt disease incidence in chili by 46.7-80 %. The highest disease suppression (80 %) showed by the endophytic bacteria, B. subtilis. This endophyte was also able to promote a significant chili growth. Keywords: Ralstonia solanacearum , Endophytic bacteria, Biofertilizer, Biological control, Chili.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used regression analysis to determine the proper storage conditions and to predict shelf life of jelly drinks containing encapsulated anthocyanin pigments from purple sweet potato.
Abstract: Since the beginning of the 21 th century, demand for natural food additives especially food colorant has increased sharply. The natural one were considered safer, while the synthetic ones are less safe. One source of natural food colorant is anthocyanin pigments from purple sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas L.). Anthocyanins have good stability at acidic pH especially pH 2-4 so that it can be applied for food products such as beverages with low pH like jelly drink. Nevertheless, anthocyanins are very sensitive to the temperature and light. It is thus important to store food containing anthocyanins in proper condition. The purpose of this study was to determine the proper storage conditions and to predict shelf life of jelly drinks containing encapsulated anthocyanin pigments from purple sweet potato. This research used experimental methods by regression analysis of four treatments and four replications. The treatments were storage of jelly drink in (1) Room temperature with light exposure ( 25 o C±2 o C ) , (2) Room temperature without light exposure (25 o C±2 o C), (3) Refrigerator temperature with light exposure (5 o C±2 o C) and (4 ) Refrigerator temperature without light exposure (5 o C±2 o C). Parameters analysed were: (a) intensity of red color; (b) total anthocyanins; (c) pH value. Observations were made on days 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30. The results showed that the temperature and light affected the decrease in colour intensity, and total anthocyanins of jelly drink. The best treatment was stored at refrigerator temperatures without light exposure, has the smallest decreasing of total anthocyanins (46,03% ) and decreasing of red intensity (3,19 %) during 30 days storage in which the shelf life spanned to around 200 days based on the color intensity. Keyword : anthocyanins pigments; purple sweet potato; regression analysis
TL;DR: This study explores the immunogenicity of allograft and xenograft, which is the second common transplantation after blood transfusion afterBlood transfusion.
Abstract: Bone defect remains a big challenge for orthopedic surgeon. Bone grafting nowadays become the second common transplantation after blood transfusion. Autogenous bone graft is the gold standard in treatment of bone defect, but it’s source limitation and donor site morbidity makes some surgeon were looking for allograft or xenograft. There are some issues with allo- and xenograft about difficulty in corporation and rejection reaction. This study explores the immunogenicity of allograft and xenograft. Keyword : freeze-dried xenograft, freeze-dried allograft, hydroxyapatite xenograft, demineralized bone matrix xenograft.
TL;DR: The results showed that inoculation treatment enhanced the potency of the plant to reduce copper from 94 % concentration level in the medium without bacterial inoculation to 98.3 % and 97 % in medium inoculated with Acinetobacter sp.
Abstract: Phytoremediation is a bioremediation process using plants and microorganisms to extract, sequester, or detoxify heavy metals. Eichhornia crassipes [(Mart.) Solms] is a well-known phytoremediating plant that has the ability to remove heavy metals from water by accumulating them in their tissues. Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 and Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 are copper resistant bacteria isolated from industrial waste in Rungkut, Surabaya. The aim of this research was to study the effect of Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 and Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 inoculation in copper phytoremediation process using Eichhornia crassipes . Bacterial isolate with colony form unit of 10 8 was inoculated into the rhizosphere of Eichhornia crassipes in water containing 10 mL · L –1 and 20 mL · L –1 copper. Copper removal in contaminated water and copper accumulation in the plant roots was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that inoculation treatment enhanced the potency of the plant to reduce copper from 94 % concentration level in the medium without bacterial inoculation to 98.3 % and 97 % in medium inoculated with Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 and Acinetobacter sp. IrC2, respectively. Eichhornia crassipes inoculated with Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 accumulated up to six fold higher copper concentrations in roots compared with un-inoculated controls. The roots of Eichhornia crassipes accumulated 596 mg · kg –1 and 391 mg · kg –1 in medium containing 5 mL · L –1 and 10 mL · L –1 copper without inoculation, while, the upper part of the plants accumulated up to 353 2.5 mg · kg –1 and 194 1.5 mg · kg –1 in medium inoculated with Acinetobacter sp. IrC1, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that Acinetobacter sp. IrC1 and Acinetobacter sp. IrC2 can improve the phytoremediation potential of Eichhornia crassipes .
TL;DR: Endophytic bacteria isolated from healthy rice plants were evaluated and tested for their potential biocontrol activity using dual culture assay and showed that they were able to cause the mycelia malformation of P. oryzae.
Abstract: Isolation was attempted to collect endophytic bacteria as potential biocontrol agents against rice blast disease ( Pyricularia oryzae Cav.). The disease is one of major threats in rice production as it can cause 100% yield loss. Concern on the environment and human health has led to the searching of alternative controlling method to replace the commonly used pesticide-based method. Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that have intimate relationship with their host without inducing any pathogenic symptom. The use of endophytic microbial as biocontrol agent has its own advantages as the microbes are more easily to adapt to the environment needed by the host plant. We evaluated endophytic bacteria isolated from healthy rice plants and tested for their potential biocontrol activity using dual culture assay. Ten isolates were found to inhibit the growth of P. oryzae of more than 50%. Microscopic observation showed that they were able to cause the mycelia malformation of P. oryzae . Further work is currently in progress to determine their effectiveness in the pot trial. Keywords: Endophytic bacteria; Pyricularia oryzae; biocontrol .
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the usefulness of bio-fertilizer which can increase the soil properties, including potential K, K sorption, potential P, P sorption and total N and pH.
Abstract: Biofertilizer is a biological product that can be used to improve the soil fertility. It is useful in enriching soil with micro-organisms that produces organic nutrients and may also reduce the plant diseases. This experiment investigates the usefulness of biofertilizer which can increase the soil properties. This study was conducted at sugarcane plantation, Purwadadi Subang Bandung. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were (50 ; 25) g/treatment Biofertilizer + (¼ ; ½ ; ¾ ; 1) of the recommended dose of NPK and the recommended dose of NPK as a control. The chemical properties (potential K, K sorption, potential P, P sorption, total N and pH) were affected by biofertilizer application, except for N sorption. The best treatment from this product was combination from high level of biofertilizer (50 g) and (1/2 - 1) of the recommended dose of NPK. The application of biofertilizer can substitute NPK fertilizer 25% - 50% in soil. In general, this product has a good potency especially to increase some of soil chemical properties in a short time with simple application in the field. Keywords: Biofertilizer, Efficay, Inorganic Fertilizer
TL;DR: In this article, the authors tried to present the relationship between the beef price volatility and Indonesia's efforts to ensure food security through self-sufficiency in beef, and analyzed the impact of the beef selfsufficiency program to the beef prices volatility in Indonesia.
Abstract: The Indonesian beef price movement increasing erratically and tends to be volatile in recent years Based on the price monitoring in several production centers, there are beef price fluctuations in the consumer level across time and between provinces This study tries to present the relationship between the beef price volatility and Indonesia’s efforts to ensure food security through self-sufficiency in beef We consider a series of consumer daily beef price from January 2006 to December 2013, with total T=2086 observations to understand beef price volatility in Indonesia, and to analyze the impact of beef self-sufficiency program to the beef price volatility in Indonesia Data was obtained from Ministry of Trade, Government of Indonesia and it was collected through market survey from three different markets in 33 capital provinces in Indonesia The methodology follows GARCH model to measure the beef price volatility The GARCH (11) model gives information that beef price movements are influenced by the volatility from the previous period and yesterday’s variance The volatility of beef price was driven more by its own variance rather than external shocks GARCH (11) model shows that the beef price volatility will tend to be smaller and persistence in the future Parameter of the third dummy variable in the variance equation to capture the change policy is statistically significant It indicates that the beef self-sufficiency program may lower the beef price volatility Keywords: beef price, garch model, price volatility, self sufficiency
TL;DR: Meniran herbs’ ( Phyllanthus niruri linn ) is effective as antibacterial at concentrations of 30% against Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens.
Abstract: Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is a chicken respiratory disease that attacks both broilers and layers. Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) has important economic significance in the intensification of chicken farms because this disease can cause huge economic losses. Meniran plant ( Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment as a substitute of antibiotic caused by Mycoplasma galisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. The chemicals contained in meniran include tannins, saponins, alkaloids as antibacterials. The purpose of this study is to determine the activity of meniran herbs’ ( Phyllanthus Niruri Linn ) as antibacterial to eradicate Mycoplasma galisepticum. The method of this study is dilution method which included Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC) was taken by making the concentration of meniran extract as much 65%, 62,5%; 60%; 55%; 50%; 45%; 40%. It was then added Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria. The result of this study is Meniran ’s activation test on Mycoplasma galisepticum obtained a dose of 62,5% could eradicate Mycoplasma galisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. Meniran herbs’ ( Phyllanthus niruri linn ) is effective as antibacterial at concentrations of 30% against Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. Keywords: Meniran herbs’ ( Phyllanthus Niruri Linn ), Mycoplasma Galisepticum , Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)
TL;DR: A novel preparation of garlic water-soluble is conducted for enhancing antioxidant properties on garlic novel preparation to compare the bioactive constituents and antioxidant activity between garlic water -soluble and garlic oil.
Abstract: Garlic is a natural source which has abundant organosulfur constituents. Garlic is divided into water-soluble organosulfur constituents mainly SAC (S-allylcystein), NAC (N-acetylcysteine) and oil soluble organosulfur constituents such as DATS (diallyl trisulfide), DADS (diallyl disulfide), DAS (diallyl sulfide). The aim of this research was to compare the bioactive constituents and antioxidant activity between garlic water-soluble and garlic oil. Garlic water-soluble constituents were identified by Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and five constituents were found, namely N-acetylcysteine (NAC), cysteinyl-alanine, phenol-2-2-benzoxazolyl and two unknown constituents. The GC-MS chromatogram also showed three main constituents present in garlic oil as diallyldisulphide (DADS), diallyltrisulphide (DATS) and D-limonene. Interestingly, garlic water-soluble extract had higher antioxidant activity 70 % ± 0.02 % in comparison with garlic oil 58 % ± 0.07 %. This study conducts a novel preparation of garlic water-soluble for enhancing antioxidant properties on garlic novel preparation.
TL;DR: It can be concluded that the topical application of ellagic acid ointment was proved to provide healing process on incision wound and improve the skin condition and promoted the wound healing.
Abstract: This study was conducted to prove whether ellagic acid can be used as a regulator of incision wound healing process in male albino rats as experimental animals. A total of 24 male healthy rats based on physical examination, aged at 3 months old and weight at 150-180 grams used in this study. Rats were divided into three groups and each group has 8 replications, group of control (P0) has no incision wound and no medication, treatment group (P1) has incision wound and treated with Betadine® and (P2) has incision wound and treated with 2,5 % ellagic acid. The variable that observed are histopathology changes (collagen, PMN, angiogenesis and fibrosis) from the male albino rats. The samples collection was taken at day 15 and data were collected and analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. The result of collagen and PMN cells score in the control group (P0) were 1.80 ± 0.16 and 1.6 ± 0.08 with mild angiogenesis and no fibrosis. The results in the treatment (P2) group, where the collagen and PMN scores were 1.60 ± 0.08 and 1.5 ± 0.8, accompanied by mild angiogenesis and fibrosis. Meanwhile, in the treatment (P1) group, the results of scoring of collagen and PMN were lower than the other groups, 0, 80 ± 0.08 and 0.6
± 0.16 accompanied by moderate angiogenesis and fibrosis. There was a significant difference of collagen scoring, PMN cells number, fibrosis and angiogenesis among the treatment groups (p 0.05). From the results, it can be concluded that the topical application of ellagic acid ointment was proved to provide healing process on incision wound. Topical administration of ellagic acid ointment for 14 days was able to improve the skin condition and promoted the wound healing.
Keywords: Ellagic acid; wound healing; collagen; angiogenesis; fibrosis; anti- inflammatory; antioxidant; antibacterial
TL;DR: Mentigi Gunung ( Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq.
Abstract: Mentigi Gunung ( Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq.), endemic plant of Java which dominates sub-alpine area of Mount Batok. This study aimed to characterize plant’s anatomical and morphological structure for conservation purpose. Microscopic and macroscopic approaches used for organs observation. Morphological observation showed that this plant has a tap root, circular stem with lenticels on its surface. It has red young stem with a lot of trichomes, brown old stem, oval leaves with integer margins. Leaves have stone cells, cuticles, idioblasts. Young leaves are red and turn green. Flowers are purple with five sepals, five petals, 10 androecium and one syncarp gynoecium. Trichomes spread all over flower structures. The type of microspore is tetraeder. The gynoecium sits on the receptacle composed of five carpellum with inpherus ovulus. The fruits are green, globular, with trichomes and turn black when ripe. It has stone cells with purple cytoplasm and golden brown seeds. Vascular bundle is opened collateral type; the type is parasitic with kidney-shaped guard cells. Keywords: Anatomy; morphology; mentigi gunung; Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq.
TL;DR: The results suggest that if tea leaf products are included in the straw-based diets as natural feed additives, they may improve degradability, tVFA, NH 3, and methane output without increasing CH 4 output.
Abstract: Tea leaves are a rich source of plant secondary metabolites such as tannins and saponins that have the potential to manipulate rumen fermentation and to lessen methane (CH 4 ) production.Samples of green tea (GTL), black tea (BTL), their spent leaves after water extraction (SGTL and SBTL), ryegrass hay (RH), ryegrass silage (RS), paddy straws (PS), barley straws (BS), and wheat straws (WS) were compared for their rumen in-vitro organic matter degradability (IVOMD, g/kg DM), pH, ammonia (NH 3 , mg/L), total volatile fatty acids (tVFA, mmol/L), total gas production (tGP, L/kg OM), and methane output (CH 4 ,L/kg OM) after 28h incubation with buffered rumen fluid under anaerobic conditions at 39 o C in glass syringes. One-way ANOVA on Minitab 16 was used to examine differences between products at P<0.05 for four replicate samples. There were no differences between tea leaf products, RH and RS but the straws tended to have lower IVOMD compared with tea leaf products and other forages. GTL produced the lowest NH 3 followed by BTL, SGTL, SBTL, and other forages. There were no differences between most tea leaf products, RH, RS, and the straws for tVFA concentration but PS and WS produced the lowest tVFA. GTL, SGTL, and RH had higher tGP than BTL, SBTL, and the straws but they had a lower tGP than RS. GTL, BTL, and SBTL produced similar levels of CH 4 as the straws but this was less than RS and SGTL. The results suggest that if tea leaf products are included in the straw-based diets as natural feed additives, they may improve degradability, tVFA, NH 3 ,and tGP production without increasing CH 4 output. Low NH 3 production for tea leaf products could be the sign of more by-pass protein to be absorbed in small intestine. Keywords: Tea leafproducts, in-vitro measurements, and ruminants.
TL;DR: Genetic variants of CSN3 and LGB genes and their effects on protein and milk components were studied in Holstein Friesian at small dairy farmers in Lembang District, West Java, Indonesia.
Abstract: Genetic variants of CSN3 and LGB genes and their effects on protein and milk components were studied in Holstein Friesian at small dairy farmers in Lembang District, West Java, Indonesia. Allelic variants were identified by PCR-RFLP technique using restriction enzymes of Pst I for the CSN3 gene and Hae III for the LGB gene. The CSN3 gene was dominated by AB genotype. Milk protein was not affected by genotypes of the two genes. Only fat content was significantly affected (P <0.05) by the CSN3 gene with AB cows having the highest fat to AA and BB cows (3.76% vs. 3.26% and 3.34%). Keywords: CSN3 gene; LGB gene; milk protein; and milk component.
TL;DR: The aims of this study were to determine the status of small ruminant production in Serbia and to provide projections for their sustainable use with optimal strategy of genetic improvement of sheep and goats in the future.
Abstract: The aims of this study were to determine the status of small ruminant production in Serbia and to provide projections for their sustainable use with optimal strategy of genetic improvement of sheep and goats in the future. For sustainable sheep and goat production, it is necessary to know a number of biological, technological, organizational and market factors. Number of sheep in Serbia during the past two decades fell by about 20%. This country grows more than 1.7 million sheep. In terms of breed structures, most of the populations are indigenous Pramenka sheep (80%), while the remaining 20% are Tsigai, Merinolandschaf, Ile de France, Pirot improved, Mis sheep, and other less important populations, as well as the crossbreed with foreign and domestic sheep. Interest of goat rearing is constantly increasing in last years for 20-30%. In regard to the breed structure, the least represented are goats of Alpine breed – approx. 2- 3%, White Serbian goat - 15%, different types of crosses – approx. 35% same as goats of low land Balkan type, and approx. 12% of high land Balkan type. Strategy of sheep and goat breeding programs in Serbia is focused on the improvement of indigenous breeds, because they are less demanding, and most importantly, the input is lower and their products have higher quality. Keywords: sheep; goat; sustainable; resources; meat; milk
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of a mixture of bio ethanol solid waste, corn agricultural waste and banana peels waste with bio-activator EM4 and Aspergillus niger ( An ) to increase the content of potassium (K) in organic fertilizer and study the response of plant growth of chillies and eggplant against organic fertilizer.
Abstract: Excessive use of chemical fertilizers may degrade the physical condition of the soil so that solid organic fertilizer was developed. Organic fertilizer was made from organic materials derived from plants or animals that had been made by the engineering process. Organic fertilizers were used to supply organic matter to improve the physical, chemical, and biological properties of soil. This experiment aimed to study the effect of a mixture of bio ethanol solid waste, corn agricultural waste and banana peels waste with bio-activator EM4 and Aspergillus niger ( An ) to increase the content of potassium (K) in organic fertilizer and study the response of plant growth of chillies and eggplant against organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizers were made from agricultural waste, such as bio ethanol solid waste, corn agricultural waste, and banana peels waste that still have organic content which was good for plant growth. Organic fertilizers were made by mixing bio ethanol solid waste, corn agricultural waste, and banana peels waste with a ratio (w/w) of 1:2:3. After that, a mixture of EM4 and An with a ratio (v/v) of 1:1, 2:3, 3:2, 1:3, 3:1 and without any bio-activator were added. Organic fertilizer produced in a rotary drum composter with air aeration 14 L · min – 1 conducted for 15 d. The content of N, P and K on each variable of organic fertilizer will be analyzed. Then it was tested on chillies and eggplant. Furthermore, the quality and quantity of planting fruit on the plants of eggplant and chillies were measured. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that organic fertilizer with the addition of EM4: An 2:3 (v/v) increased the content of K up to 0.43 %. In accordance with SNI standards: 19-7030-2004, all test variables met the standards of the levels of N, and P; all organic fertilizers met the standard C/N ratio unless at the variables EM4: An 1:3 (v/v) and without bio-activator. For chillies, variable with the addition of EM4: An 2:3 (v/v) has the greatest weight, namely 0.95 g. Another variable, EM4: An 3:2 (v/v) can produced the amount of fruit up to 300 %. Where at the addition of EM4: An 2:3 (v/v) can produced eggplant fruit that weighs 24.01 g per harvest.
TL;DR: In this article, the current population of pure Sentul chickens in three areas in West Java and to develop a conservation strategy to safeguard Sentul chicken in the future, the authors used qualitative method to gather data including literature review and key informant interviews.
Abstract: Animal genetic resources such as indigenous chickens are part of biodiversity. Sentul chickens are one of indigenous chickens in Indonesia which are regarded as local to Ciamis District in West Java. It is reported that the population of pure Sentul Chickens are in decline. This study was aimed to find out the current population of pure Sentul chickens in three areas in West Java and to develop a conservation strategy to safeguard Sentul chickens in the future. The study used qualitative method to gather data including literature review and key informant interviews. The informants consisted of a leader of farmer group and managers of breeding centers. The interviews were carried out in Ciamis, Majelengka and Bogor Districts. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. The results indicated that population of Sentul chickens in Ciamis are in decline, while population in areas outside Ciamis such as Bogor tend to increase. There is a need to develop an in-situ conservation program in which Ciamis District should be assigned to be the center area to provide pure Sentul chickens in West Java. To support the conservation program, stakeholders such as local government, research institutions, universities and farmer groups play important roles. Keywords: in-situconservation strategy, Sentul chickens, animal genetic resources, biodiversity.
TL;DR: To determine the blood parasite infection prevalence in Garut District, 160 samples of blood were obtained from eight subdistrict at Kampong Chicken Breeder's Group (KEPAK) and examined under a microscope with 1000x magnification.
Abstract: The Aim of this research was to determine the blood parasite infection prevalence
in Garut District The research was conducted in November-December 2016 160
samples of blood were obtained from eight subdistrict at Kampong Chicken Breeder’s
Group (KEPAK) in Garut District smeared with 3% Giemsa solution and examined
under a microscope with 1000x magnification The merozoite and gametocyte that was
discovered recorded The data that obtained was analyzed descriptively A parasites
were found in 11 blood samples (688%) The genus of blood parasites is Leucocytozoon
sp, while Plasmodium sp, Haemoproteus sp, and Trypanosoma avium sp are not
found in this research (0%) All of blood infected parasite only found at Tarogong
Kidul sub district and seven other sub districts showed negative results
TL;DR: Nine traditional medicine plant species collected in Balikpapan Botanic Garden used by indigenous people of Kalimantan to treat malaria showed that some of these species exhibits biological activity toward Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum.
Abstract: Numerous Kalimantan plants species were traditionaly utilized for its medicinal properties. Ex situ conservation of these species in Balikpapan Botanic Garden (BBG), one of the mostly recent launched botanic garden in Indonesia however, should be appreciated and encouraged to preserved the unique traditional plant-based medicine knowledge of Kalimatan people. An etnobotany literature study was conducted to documented traditional medicine plant species collected in BBG used by indigenous people of Kalimantan to treat malaria. This study found nine plant species collected in BBG namely Aleurites mollucanus (L.) Willd ., Alstonia angustiloba Miq. , Alstonia scholaris L. R. Br ., Areca catechu L. , Eurycoma longifolia Jack , Lansium parasiticum (Osbeck) K. C. Sahni & Bennet, Morinda citrifolia L., Peronema canescens Jack and Vitex pinnata L. were traditionally used to treat malaria. Further literature study showed that some of these species exhibits biological activity toward Plasmodium berghei and P. falciparum. Three species of this list were classified as rare medical plants in Indonesia. However, further study will still be needed to fully confirm anti malaria activity of these plant species and its potential to become new anti-malaria medicine. Keywords: Balikpapan Botanic Garden; ex situ conservation; Malaria; traditional medicine