다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

Statistical Analysis with Missing Data

A freely available dataset produced from three million Landsat satellite images reveals substantial changes in the distribution of global surface water over the past 32 years and their causes, from climate change to human actions. The distribution of surface water has been mapped globally, and local-to-regional studies have tracked changes over time. But to date, there has been no global and methodologically consistent quantification of changes in surface water over time. Jean-Francois Pekel and colleagues have analysed more than three million Landsat images to quantify month-to-month changes in surface water at a resolution of 30 metres and over a 32-year period. They find that surface waters have declined by almost 90,000 square kilometres—largely in the Middle East and Central Asia—but that surface waters equivalent to about twice that area have been created elsewhere. Drought, reservoir creation and water extraction appear to have driven most of the changes in surface water over the past decades. The location and persistence of surface water (inland and coastal) is both affected by climate and human activity1 and affects climate2,3, biological diversity4 and human wellbeing5,6. Global data sets documenting surface water location and seasonality have been produced from inventories and national descriptions7, statistical extrapolation of regional data8 and satellite imagery9,10,11,12, but measuring long-term changes at high resolution remains a challenge. Here, using three million Landsat satellite images13, we quantify changes in global surface water over the past 32 years at 30-metre resolution. We record the months and years when water was present, where occurrence changed and what form changes took in terms of seasonality and persistence. Between 1984 and 2015 permanent surface water has disappeared from an area of almost 90,000 square kilometres, roughly equivalent to that of Lake Superior, though new permanent bodies of surface water covering 184,000 square kilometres have formed elsewhere. All continental regions show a net increase in permanent water, except Oceania, which has a fractional (one per cent) net loss. Much of the increase is from reservoir filling, although climate change14 is also implicated. Loss is more geographically concentrated than gain. Over 70 per cent of global net permanent water loss occurred in the Middle East and Central Asia, linked to drought and human actions including river diversion or damming and unregulated withdrawal15,16. Losses in Australia17 and the USA18 linked to long-term droughts are also evident. This globally consistent, validated data set shows that impacts of climate change and climate oscillations on surface water occurrence can be measured and that evidence can be gathered to show how surface water is altered by human activities. We anticipate that this freely available data will improve the modelling of surface forcing, provide evidence of state and change in wetland ecotones (the transition areas between biomes), and inform water-management decision-making.

High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes

Dealing with uncertainty is always a challenging problem, and different tools have been proposed to deal with it. Recently, a new model that is based on hesitant fuzzy sets has been presented to manage situations in which experts hesitate between several values to assess an indicator, alternative, variable, etc. Hesitant fuzzy sets suit the modeling of quantitative settings; however, similar situations may occur in qualitative settings so that experts think of several possible linguistic values or richer expressions than a single term for an indicator, alternative, variable, etc. In this paper, the concept of a hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set is introduced to provide a linguistic and computational basis to increase the richness of linguistic elicitation based on the fuzzy linguistic approach and the use of context-free grammars by using comparative terms. Then, a multicriteria linguistic decision-making model is presented in which experts provide their assessments by eliciting linguistic expressions. This decision model manages such linguistic expressions by means of its representation using hesitant fuzzy linguistic term sets.

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Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Sets for Decision Making

Application of molten iron desulfurization slag to replace steel slag as an alkaline component in solid waste-based cementitious materials

Increases in usage of websites as communication tools has lead to reductions in costs of product and service delivery for companies. Incorrect design of websites leads to redesigning them to fit customer needs. Redesign costs are particularly relevant for resource constrained SMEs. Modeling highly subjective, uncertain and repetitive decisions requires methods that include the benefits of both expert knowledge as well as machine learning. This paper reports a comparison on the application of two such hybrid approaches: Belief Rule-Base Inference Methodology Using the Evidential Reasoning Approach (RIMER) and Artificial Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). A numerical example and a case study are reported in order to analyze the potential of the two methods. The results show that both methods can be used to accurately represent and predict the complicated and nonlinear relationships between website characteristics and overall satisfaction. The RIMER approach is found to outperform ANFIS when considering explanatory power.

An Evaluation of Website Upgrade Options: A Case Study Comparison of ANFIS and RIMER

Container Line Supply Chain (CLSC) plays a dominant role in world cargo transportation, but also subjects to various threats during its operation due to its inherent features. The threats can not only cause disruptions for CLSC operation, they may also lead to various disasters globally. To help to manage the potential disasters, in this chapter, current research on security for CLSC operation is reviewed. Specifically, the research is divided into three categories: (1) research from a general level, including standards, regulations, codes, etc. issued by international, national and industrial organizations, aiming at improving CLSC security, (2) research on specific security issues in CLSC, e.g., threats faced by CLSC, features of CLSC, criteria for security assessment of CLSC, etc., and (3) research on different risk analysis tools and their applications in CLSC security related areas. Further, the limitations of current research are also analyzed and potential directions for future research in this field are suggested.

Security Based Operation in Container Line Supply Chain: a Literature Review

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Dong-Ling Xu

Papers

Application of molten iron desulfurization slag to replace steel slag as an alkaline component in solid waste-based cementitious materials

An Evaluation of Website Upgrade Options: A Case Study Comparison of ANFIS and RIMER

Security Based Operation in Container Line Supply Chain: a Literature Review

Global and Local Interpretability of Belief Rule Base

Applying a new rule-base inference methodology into clinical decision making