Green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle using Carica papaya leaf extract: application for photocatalytic degradation of remazol yellow RR dye and antibacterial activity.

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum): A promising functional food toward the well-being

Carica papaya L. is a well-known fruit worldwide, and its highest production occurs in tropical and subtropical regions. The pulp contains vitamins A, C, and E, B complex vitamins, such as pantothenic acid and folate, and minerals, such as magnesium and potassium, as well as food fibers. Phenolic compounds, such as benzyl isothiocyanate, glucosinolates, tocopherols (α and δ), β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene and carotenoids, are found in the seeds. The oil extracted from the seed principally presents oleic fatty acid followed by palmitic, linoleic and stearic acids, whereas the leaves have high contents of food fibers and polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, pro-anthocyanins, tocopherol, and benzyl isothiocyanate. Studies demonstrated that the nutrients present in its composition have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, protecting it against cardiovascular illnesses and preventing harm caused by free radicals. It has also been reported that it aids in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and in the reduction of cholesterol levels. Thus, both the pulp and the other parts of the plant (leaves and seeds) present antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic actions, which, in turn, can contribute to the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/7/1608/pdf

Nutraceutical Potential of Carica papaya in Metabolic Syndrome

Inactivation of microorganisms in papaya beverage (PB) by high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) at different pressures (350, 450, 550 and 650 MPa) and for different times (5 and 10 min) was studied. Besides, the effects of HHP (550 MPa/5 min) and high temperature short time (HTST) (110 °C/8.6 s) on microorganisms, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, color, total carotenoids, total phenols, antioxidant capacity, viscosity and sensory characteristics were comparatively studied immediately after treatments and during storage of 40 days at 4 °C. HHP at 550 MPa/5 min inactivated microorganisms totally. The microbial safety in samples treated by HHP (550 MPa/5 min) and HTST (110 °C/8.6 s) was ensured immediately after treatments during storage. TSS, pH, total carotenoids and viscosity experienced no significant impacts immediately after HHP and HTST treatments, while change of the original color and significant decreases of total phenols and antioxidant capacity were observed after HTST treatment. During storage, color changed and total carotenoids, total phenol, antioxidant capacity, viscosity and sensory evaluation decreased, whereas TSS and pH did not change. Kinetic data of changes in L *, a *, b *, ΔE * and antioxidant capacities measured by DPPH and FRAP methods fitted well into the combined model, while kinetic data of changes in total carotenoids and total phenols fitted well into the zero-order model. In both samples, total carotenoids and total phenols were positively and significantly correlated to antioxidant capacity. The HHP-treated sample showed higher total carotenoids content, total phenols content and antioxidant capacity, compared with the HTST-treated sample during 40-day storage. Industrial relevance Papaya beverage, one of the most popular fruit juice products, is of high nutrition and economic value. This study presents a fair comparison between HHP- and HTST-treated papaya beverages immediately after processing and during storage. The available data show the different effects of HHP and HTST on quality and storage stability of microorganisms, color, antioxidant compounds, antioxidant capacity and other quality-related aspects. This study would provide technical support for the application of HHP or HTST in papaya beverage industry and the criteria establishment for commercial production of high quality papaya beverage. Besides, a non-thermal technique to meet consumers' growing demand for healthier food products is provided in this study.

Comparing the effects of high hydrostatic pressure and high temperature short time on papaya beverage

Carica papaya ameliorates allergic asthma via down regulation of IL-4, IL-5, eotaxin, TNF-α, NF-ĸB, and iNOS levels

The extraction of plant constituents is essential to isolate biologically active compounds, aimed to understand their role on the treatment of diabetes. This study was designed to explore the preliminary phytochemical and physicochemical analysis of Carica papaya L., Caricaceae, leaf, and further evaluation of its hypoglycemic effect on diabetic rats. C. papaya leaves were extracted using chloroform, n-hexane or ethanol. For each extract a phytochemical screening was performed. The tests were conducted in triplicate and the qualitative and quantitative determination of the various metabolites was done using analytical standards proposed by Mexican Herbal Pharmacopoeia. The chloroform extract, containing steroids and quinones as major components, was chosen to study C. papaya biological effects. The chloroform extract was evaporated to dryness, and doses 0, 31, 62, 125 mg/kg were orally administered in 300 µl polyethylene glycol to diabetic rats; and 0 and 62 mg/kg to non-diabetic rats. After a 20-day treatment with the chloroform extract, the animals were sacrificed and blood was obtained for biochemical studies. The main effect observed was a decrease in serum glucose, triglycerides and transaminases in diabetic rats after the administration of C. papaya chloroform extract. These results confirm the potential beneficial action of C. papaya to treat the symptoms of diabetic patients.

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Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic activity of Carica papaya leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of C. papaya L. leaf extract (CPLE) on pancreatic islets in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, as well as on cultured normal pancreatic cells with STZ in the medium. CPLE (3–125 mg/Kg) was administered orally for 20 days, while a group of diabetic rats received 5 IU/Kg/day of insulin. At the end of the treatment the rats were sacrificed. Blood was obtained to assess glucose and insulin levels. The pancreas was dissected to evaluate β cells by immunohistochemistry. In addition, normal pancreatic cells were cultured in a medium that included CPLE (3–12 mg). One half of the cultured cells received simultaneously CPLE and STZ (6 mg), while the other half received CPLE and five days later the STZ. After three days of incubation, insulin was assayed in the incubation medium. The CPLE administered to diabetic rats improved the fasting glycemia and preserved the number and structure of pancreatic islets. However, when CPLE was added to pancreatic cells in culture along with STZ, the insulin concentration was higher in comparison with the cells that only received STZ. In conclusion, the CPLE preserves the integrity of pancreatic islets, improves the basal insulin secretion and protects cultured cells from the adverse effects of STZ.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/13/5/446/pdf

Dora E. Aguilar-Domínguez

Papers

Phytochemical screening and hypoglycemic activity of Carica papaya leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Protective Action of Carica papaya on β-Cells in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.