Solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) have emerged as high-priority materials for safe, energy-dense and reversible storage of electrochemical energy in batteries. In this Review, we assess recent progress in the design, synthesis and analysis of SSEs, and identify key failure modes, performance limitations and design concepts for creating SSEs to meet requirements for practical applications. We provide an overview of the development and characteristics of SSEs, followed by analysis of ion transport in the bulk and at interfaces based on different single-valent (Li+, Na+, K+) and multivalent (Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Al3+) cation carriers of contemporary interest. We analyse the progress in overcoming issues associated with the poor ionic conductivity and high interfacial resistance of inorganic SSEs and the poor oxidative stability and cation transference numbers of polymer SSEs. Perspectives are provided on the design requirements for future generations of SSEs, with a focus on the chemical, geometric, mechanical, electrochemical and interfacial transport features required to accelerate progress towards practical solid-state batteries in which metals are paired with energetic cathode chemistries, including Ni-rich and Li-rich intercalating materials, sustainable organic materials, S8, O2 and CO2. Solid-state batteries based on electrolytes with low or zero vapour pressure provide a promising path towards safe, energy-dense storage of electrical energy. In this Review, we consider the requirements and design rules for solid-state electrolytes based on inorganics, organic polymers and organic–inorganic hybrids.

Designing solid-state electrolytes for safe, energy-dense batteries

Easy processing and flexibility of polymer electrolytes make them very promising in developing all-solid-state lithium batteries. However, their low room-temperature conductivity and poor mechanical and thermal properties still hinder their applications. Here, we use Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZTO) ceramics to trigger structural modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) polymer electrolyte. By combining experiments and first-principle calculations, we find that La atom of LLZTO could complex with the N atom and C═O group of solvent molecules such as N,N-dimethylformamide along with electrons enriching at the N atom, which behaves like a Lewis base and induces the chemical dehydrofluorination of the PVDF skeleton. Partially modified PVDF chains activate the interactions between the PVDF matrix, lithium salt, and LLZTO fillers, hence leading to significantly improved performance of the flexible electrolyte membrane (e.g., a high ionic conductivity of about 5 × 10–4 S cm–1 at 25 °C, high mechanical s...

Synergistic Coupling between Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 and Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Induces High Ionic Conductivity, Mechanical Strength, and Thermal Stability of Solid Composite Electrolytes

A critical review of the surface chemistry of acidic ferric sulphate dissolution of chalcopyrite with regards to hindered dissolution

In this review (with 500 refs), both electrochemistry and electroanalysis with carbon paste-based electrodes, sensors, and detectors are of interest, when attention is focused on the research activities in the years of new millennium. Concerned are all important aspects of the field, from fundamental investigations with carbon paste as the electrode material, via laboratory examination of the first electrode prototypes, basic and advanced studies of various electrode processes and other phenomena, up to practical applications to the determination of inorganic ions, complexes, and molecules. The latter is presented in a series of extensive tables, offering a nearly complete survey of methods published within the period of 2001–2008. Finally, the latest trends and outstanding achievements are also outlined and future prospects given.

/pdf/carbon-paste-electrodes-in-the-new-millennium-4a80rhz82w.pdf

Carbon paste electrodes in the new millennium

Electrochemical evaluation of the surface of chalcopyrite during dissolution in sulfuric acid solution

Electrochemical characterization of chemical species formed during the electrochemical treatment of chalcopyrite in sulfuric acid

Surface characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry of products formed during the potentiostatic reduction of chalcopyrite

The synthesis, thermal, dielectric and conductivity properties of functionalized chitosan polymer derivatives are evaluated to determine their potential uses as a nontoxic electrolyte/separator for lithium batteries. Deacetylated chitosan (DAC) at 97% is used as a precursor to prepare two derivatives: N-propylsulfonic acid chitosan (SC), chitosan with zwitterionic pendant groups (ZWC). These derivatives increase the polar character of pure chitosan, and significantly improve its solubility. Likewise, they are thermally stable up to 220 °C, and their glass transition temperatures (Tg) are located in the region where they decompose, except for SC (Tg = 158 °C). The incorporation of the sulfobetaine and zwitterionic pendant groups improves the ionic conductivity by at least 2 orders of magnitude with respect to pure chitosan at 25 °C, without the use of plasticizers or further modifications. The salt addition (LiPF6 or LiClO4) to ZWC does not modify the conductivity, whence it is suggested that its increase ...

Synthesis, Characterization, and Theoretical Insights of Green Chitosan Derivatives Presenting Enhanced Li+ Ionic Conductivity

An experimental and theoretical correlation to account for the effect of LiPF6 concentration on the ionic conductivity of poly(poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate)

Design of a Zwitterion Polymer Electrolyte Based on Poly[poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate]: The Effect of Sulfobetaine Group on Thermal Properties and Ionic Conduction

Dora Nava

Papers

Electrochemical characterization of chemical species formed during the electrochemical treatment of chalcopyrite in sulfuric acid

Surface characterization by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry of products formed during the potentiostatic reduction of chalcopyrite

Synthesis, Characterization, and Theoretical Insights of Green Chitosan Derivatives Presenting Enhanced Li+ Ionic Conductivity

An experimental and theoretical correlation to account for the effect of LiPF6 concentration on the ionic conductivity of poly(poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate)

Design of a Zwitterion Polymer Electrolyte Based on Poly[poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate]: The Effect of Sulfobetaine Group on Thermal Properties and Ionic Conduction