Doris J. Kistler

TL;DR: Data suggest that while the interaural cues to horizontal location are robust, the spectral cues considered important for resolving location along a particular cone-of-confusion are distorted by a synthesis process that uses nonindividualized HRTFs.

TL;DR: Two experiments are described in which listeners judge the apparent directions of virtual sound sources-headphone-presented sounds that are processed in order to simulate free-field sounds, where the apparent direction is determined primarily by interaural intensity difference and pinna cues.

TL;DR: Techniques used to synthesize headphone-presented stimuli that simulate the ear-canal waveforms produced by free-field sources are described, showing that the simulations duplicate free- field waveforms within a few dB of magnitude and a few degrees of phase at frequencies up to 14 kHz.

TL;DR: Listeners reported the apparent spatial positions of wideband noise bursts that were presented either by loudspeakers in free field or by headphones, with the aim of duplicating, at a listener's eardrums, the waveforms that were produced by the free-field stimuli.

TL;DR: Free-field to eardrum transfer functions (HRTFs) were measured from both ears of 10 subjects with sound sources at 265 different positions and revealed that the HRTFs can be modeled as a linear combination of five basic spectral shapes (basis functions), and that this representation accounts for approximately 90% of the variance in the original HRTF magnitude functions.